Carbon dioxide aqueous solution

DICHLOROTHIOCARBONYL (463-71-8) Reacts with water, decomposing to hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and carbon dioxide. Aqueous solution is incompatible with sulfuric acid, alkalis, ammonia, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, alkylene oxides, amides, epichlorohydrin, organic anhydrides, isocyanates, vinyl acetate. Corrodes most metals in the presence of moisture. 

Administration of a local anesthetic in a carbonic acid-carbon dioxide aqueous solution rather than the usual solution of a hydrochloride salt appreciably improves the time of onset and duration of action. This change in solution form is apparently not associated with local or systemic toxicity. 

Table 5.17. Kinetic Parameters for the Reaction of Hydroxo-Rhodium(III) Complexes with Carbon Dioxide (Aqueous Solution 298.2 K)...

Kasuganobiosamine (4) by Hot Alkaline Hydrolysis. An aqueous solution (150 ml.) saturated with barium hydroxide was added to a solution of kasugamycin hydrochloride (5.3 grams, 12.22 mmoles) dissolved in 50 ml. of water free from carbon dioxide. The solution was refluxed on a steam bath for 10 hours. By the similar treatment of the reaction mixture as described in the case of cold alkaline hydrolysis, ammonia (11.10 mmoles), barium oxalate (3.037 grams, 12.48 mmoles) and kasuganobiosamine (3.638 grams, 11.80 mmoles) were obtained. 

Safety. The addition of concentrated sulphuric acid on sodium (or potassium) dichromate is to produce chromium trioxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing carbon to carbon dioxide. The solution is loosely called chromic acid, but although true chromic acid H CrO has not been isolated, the aqueous solution contains dichromic acid, The... 

Barium hydroxide decomposes to barium oxide when heated to 800°C. Reaction with carbon dioxide gives barium carbonate. Its aqueous solution, being highly alkahne, undergoes neutrahzation reactions with acids. Thus, it forms barium sulfate and barium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively. Reaction with hydrogen sulfide produces barium sulfide. Precipitation of many insoluble, or less soluble barium salts, may result from double decomposition reaction when Ba(OH)2 aqueous solution is mixed with many solutions of other metal salts. 

L. N. Plummer and E. Busenberg, The Solubilities of Calcite, Aragonite, and Valerite in Carbon Dioxide-Water Solutions Between 0 and 90 °C, and an Evaluation of the Aqueous Model for the System Calcium Carbonate-Carbon Dioxide-Water , Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 46, 1011-1040 (1982). 

Water as a Catalyst.—The presence of water has considerable influence on the course of some chemical reactions thus an alcoholic solution of potassium acetate reacts with carbon dioxide, yielding a precipitate of potassium carbonate, a result which is in striking contrast with the interaction of acetic acid and potassium carbonate in aqueous solution. Also silver nitrate and hydrogen chloride fail to react in anhydrous benzene or ether. Many such precipitation and other reactions 5 fail in the absence of ivater. 

Brodzinski, R., S. G. Chang, S. S. Markowitz, and T. Novakov (1980). Kinetics and mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide on carbon in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. 84, 3354-3358. 

The pH of aqueous solutions is extremely important in determining the type of corrosion inhibitor that is most effective and most economical. Natural hard waters retain calcium compounds, including calcium carbonate (CaCOj) and calcium bicarbonate (CafHCOjfj), along with carbon dioxide, in solution. There is an equilibrium among these species, as shown by Equation (5.4). 

M.H. Oyevaar, H.J. Fontein, K.R. Westerterp, Equilibria of carbon dioxide in solutions of diethanolamine in aqueous ethylene glycol at 298 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 34(4), 405-408... 

This is an acid-base reaction, in which the base is the oxide ion (p. 89) the acidic oxide SiOj displaces the weaker acidic oxide CO2 in the fused mixture. But in aqueous solution, where the 0 ion cannot function as a strong basefp. 89),carbon dioxide displaces silica, which, therefore, precipitates when the gas is passed through the aqueous silicate solution. In a fused mixture of silica and a nitrate or phosphate, the silica again displaces the weaker acidic oxides N2O5 and P4OJ0 ... 

Ethyl bromide soon distils over, and collects as heavy oily drops under the water in the receiving flask, evaporation of the very volatile distillate being thus prevented. If the mixture in the flask A froths badly, moderate the heating of the sand-bath. When no more oily drops of ethyl bromide come over, pour the contents of the receiving flask into a separating-funnel, and carefully run oflF the heavy lower layer of ethyl bromide. Discard the upper aqueous layer, and return the ethyl bromide to the funnel. Add an equal volume of 10% sodium carbonate solution, cork the funnel securely and shake cautiously. Owing to the presence of hydrobromic and sulphurous acids in the crude ethyl bromide, a brisk evolution of carbon dioxide occurs therefore release the... 

Reactions of Picric Acid, (i) The presence of the three nitro groups in picric acid considerably increases the acidic properties of the phenolic group and therefore picric acid, unlike most phenols, will evolve carbon dioxide from sodium carbonate solution. Show this by boiling picric acid with sodium carbonate solution, using the method described in Section 5, p. 330. The reaction is not readily shown by a cold saturated aqueous solution of picric acid, because the latter is so dilute that the sodium carbonate is largely converted into sodium bicarbonate without loss of carbon dioxide. 

Prepare a mixture of 30 ml, of aniline, 8 g. of o-chloro-benzoic acid, 8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 0 4 g. of copper oxide in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with an air-condenser, and then boil the mixture under reflux for 1 5 hours the mixture tends to foam during the earlier part of the heating owing to the evolution of carbon dioxide, and hence the large flask is used. When the heating has been completed, fit the flask with a steam-distillation head, and stcam-distil the crude product until all the excess of aniline has been removed. The residual solution now contains the potassium. V-phenylanthrani-late add ca. 2 g. of animal charcoal to this solution, boil for about 5 minutes, and filter hot. Add dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1 by volume) to the filtrate until no further precipitation occurs, and then cool in ice-water with stirring. Filter otT the. V-phcnylanthranilic acid at the pump, wash with water, drain and dry. Yield, 9-9 5 g. I he acid may be recrystallised from aqueous ethanol, or methylated spirit, with addition of charcoal if necessary, and is obtained as colourless crystals, m.p. 185-186°. 

Chill the concentrated solution of the amine hydrochloride in ice-water, and then cautiously with stirring add an excess of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to liberate the amine. Pour the mixture into a separating-funnel, and rinse out the flask or basin with ether into the funnel. Extract the mixture twice with ether (2 X25 ml.). Dry the united ether extracts over flake or powdered sodium hydroxide, preferably overnight. Distil the dry filtered extract from an apparatus similar to that used for the oxime when the ether has been removed, distil the amine slowly under water-pump pressure, using a capillary tube having a soda-lime guard - tube to ensure that only dry air free from carbon dioxide passes through the liquid. Collect the amine, b.p. 59-61°/12 mm. at atmospheric pressure it has b.p. 163-164°. Yield, 18 g. 

Nitrogen. To one portion of the filtrate, add z-3 ml. of 10, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, then add about o-2 g. of ferrous sulphate and proceed as in the Lassaigiie nitrogen test (p, 322). Note, however, that the fiUal acidification with dilute siiphiiric acid must be made with care, owing to the vigorous evolution of carbon dioxide from the carbonate present. 

Nitromethane is more easily prepared by heating together equimolecular amounts of sodium monochloroacetate and sodium nitrite in aqueous solution sodium nitroacetate is intermediately formed and is decomposed to nitromethane and sodium bicarbonate. The latter yields sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide at the temperature of the reaction. 

The reaction is particularly facile with di- and tri-hydric phenols. Thus P-resorcyllc acid is readily obtained by passing carbon dioxide through a boiling aqueous solution of the potassium or sodium salt of resorcinol ... 

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