Carbon nanotubes development

Endosomal leakage and nuclear translocation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes developing a model for celluptake. Nano Letters, 9 (12), 4370-4375. 

Jain AK, Dubey V, Mehra NK, Lodhi N, Nahar M, Mishra DK, Jain NK (2009) Carbohydrate-conjugated multiwalled carbon nanotubes development and characterization. 

Innovations in Materials. Carbon nanotubes have been heralded as a future super-material with strength hundreds of times that of steel for the same mass. As of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the longest strands of carbon nanotubes developed are still on the order of a few centimeters. This is a very impressive length-to-diameter ratio. Composite materials incorporating carbon already find wide use in various applications where high temperatures must be encountered. Metal matrix composites find use in primary structures even for commercial aircraft. Several smart structures have been developed, where sensors and actuators are incorporated into a material that has special properties to respond to stress and strain. These enable structures that will twist in a desired direction when bent or become stiffer or more flexible as desired, depending on... 

In Chapter 9, the online size characterization of nanofibers and nanotubes is discussed by C. 1. Unrau, R. L. Axelbaum, P. Biswas and P. Fraundorf. First, a review of this subject is introduced and a method for online size characterization of carbon nanotubes developed by the authors is presented. This method employs a differential mobility analyzer, which classifies particles by their electrical mobility. It is concluded that (i) the presented method of online size characterization allows for faster optimization of gas-phase carbon nanotube production (ii) it could be valuable for online air quality measurements related to nanofibers and nanotubes and (iii) by identifying functional relationships between length and width, microscopy can make it possible for the online techniques described here to infer the size distribution of both. 

It is widely perceived that carbon nanotubes will allow construction of composites with extraordinary strength weight ratios, due to the inherent strength of the nanotubes. Several rules of thumb have been developed in the study of fiber/matrix composites. Close inspection of these shows that carbon nanotubes satisfy several criteria, but that others remain untested (and therefore unsatisfied to date). High-strength com-... 

Carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively in relation to fullerenes, and together with fullerenes have opened a new science and technology field on nano scale materials. This book aims to cover recent research and development in this area, and so provide a eonvenient reference tool for all researchers in this field. It is also hoped that this book can serve to stimulate future work on carbon nanotubes. 

We hope this book will contribute to the dissemination of present understanding of the subjeet and to future developments in the seienee and technology of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, and of carbon science more generally. 

The birth of the field of carbon nanotubes is marked by the publication by lijima of the observation of multi-walled nanotubes with outer diameters as small as 55 A, and inner diameters as small as 23 A, and a nanotube consisting of only two coaxial cylinders [2]. This paper was important in making the connection between carbon fullerenes, which are quantum dots, with carbon nanotubes, which are quantum wires. FurtheiTnore this seminal paper [2] has stimulated extensive theoretical and experimental research for the past five years and has led to the creation of a rapidly developing research field. 

TT-Electron materials, which are defined as those having extended Jt-electron clouds in the solid state, have various peculiar properties such as high electron mobility and chemical/biological activities. We have developed a set of techniques for synthesizing carbonaceous K-electron materials, especially crystalline graphite and carbon nanotubes, at temperatures below 1000°C. We have also revealed new types of physical or chemical interactions between Jt-electron materials and various other materials. The unique interactions found in various Jt-electron materials, especially carbon nanotubes, will lay the foundation for developing novel functional, electronic devices in the next generation. 

Chemists have been working for a long time with particles having sizes of nanometers. The novelty of recent developments concerns the ability to make nanostructured substances with uniform particle sizes and in regular arrays. In this way it becomes feasible to produce materials that have definite and reproducible properties that depend on the particle size. The development began with the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Ijima in 1991 (Fig. 11.15, p. 116). 

Aside from the methods for the production of carbon nanotubes mentioned on page 115, a number of methods to make nanostructured materials have been developed. In the following we mention a selection. 

The demonstration that the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition process with azomethine ylides works with nanotubes implies that similar reactions developed for use with fullerenes also may be successful with carbon nanotubes. In particular, the cyclopropanation reactions discussed previously for the modification of Cg0, likely will work for derivatization of SWNTs and MWNTs (Zakharian et al., 2005). 

One interesting development in the carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensor is the ability to self-assemble the CNT to other types of nano materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles or to a polymer surface. The enhancement of Raman signals of carbon nanotubes through the adsorption on gold or silver substrate has been also reported [142-146],... 

V.G. Gavalas, S.A. Law, J.C. Ball, R. Andrews, and L.G. Bachasa, Carbon nanotube aqueous sol-gel composites enzyme-friendly platforms for the development of stable biosensors. Anal. Biochem. 329, 247-252 (2004). 

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