Ruthenium - containing

Polymeric polyolefins, such as polybutadiene, secondary amines, and synthesis gas, are reacted in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a ruthenium-containing compound, a rhodium-containing compound, a steri-cally hindered phosphine, and a solvent [1191]. Preferred polybutadiene feedstocks are those with a predominance of main chain, rather than pendant olefin groups and in particular, those polymers containing both the 1,2-polybutadiene and 1,4-polybutadiene units. These polymers of high amine content are useful as down-hole corrosion inhibitors. 

Carbonyls. Related to the chalcogenide and metal cluster studies are the carbonyl studies for ORR.189 I92-198-201 The majority of the carbonyl work has been reported by several Mexican research groups. This body of work appears to have developed from studies on ruthenium-containing chalcogenide catalysts in the mid-1990 s. The precursors used for these catalysts involved Ru-carbonyls.202... 

The model immunoassay is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which a non-specific capture antibody is bound to a surface, such as a multi-well plate or small tube [13]. In the basic form of ELISA, a second antibody tagged with an enzyme interacts specifically with the analyte. The enzyme assay produces a colored product that is read with a spectrophotometer. There are many variations on the basic immunoassay format that serve to increase sensitivity, specificity, linear range, and speed. Many commercial instruments have been developed to take advantage of various technologies for reporter molecules. The immunoassay may be coupled to an electronic sensor and transducer, such as a surface acoustical wave (SAW) sensor. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a method in which the detector antibody is tagged with a ruthenium-containing chelate [13-15]. When the tag is... 

Fig. 6. Use of ruthenium-containing building blocks for dendrimer construction, 31...

Addition of various promoters to ruthenium-containing solutions can increase the overall rate of CO reduction, but the most remarkable effect is the change in selectivity to ethylene glycol. The effects of several potassium salts are illustrated in Table XVII. The acetate, phosphate, and fluoride... 

Title Alkylidene Complexes of Ruthenium Containing A-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Use as Highly Active, Selective Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis... 

Metathesis reactions involving the metal-alkylidene catalyst component as the active species nonbulky monomers are more active than their bulky counterpart. To address this limitation, 5-norbomene monomer containing an unhindered or bulky 2-substituents were metathesized with favorable reaction kinetics using ruthenium-containing complexes illustrated below. 

Alkylidene Complexes of Ruthenium Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands... 

As far as ruthenium is concerned, a number of unidentified ruthenium containing products are obtained105 in small amounts during the reaction of [Ru(bipy)3]3+ with OH". These could be compounds such as [Ru(bipy)30]2+ (with monodentate bipyridyl269), [ Ru(bipy)2(H20) 20]4+27°... 

Despite the extensive application of ruthenium complexes in DSSC, transition metal containing polymers have received relatively little attention in the fabrication of polymeric photovoltaic cells. Most of the early works on ruthenium containing polymers were focused on the light-emitting properties.58-60 Several examples of ruthenium terpyridine/bipyridine containing conjugated polymers and their photoconducting/electroluminescent properties were reported.61,62... 

Schubert98 proposed the potential use of several ruthenium containing polymers in photovoltaic devices. A ruthenium containing poly(ethylene glycol) derivative 34 was synthesized by the functionalization of 4-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methyl-2,2-bipyridine with polyethylene glycol) (M =2800, PDI=1.05), which was activated with /V,/V-carbonyldiimidazole (Scheme 19)." Applications in solid electrolytes for DSSC was proposed. Polyester 35 was incorporated with... 

Other processes include the production of phenol from cyclohexene in which phenol is produced from cyclohexene (benzene is partially hydrogenated to cyclohexene in the presence of water and a ruthenium-containing catalyst). The cyclohexene is then reacted with water to form cyclohexanol or oxygen to form cyclohexanone, and the cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone is dehydrogenated to phenol. 

This photochemical/thermal isomerisation of the ruthenium-containing ring is accompanied by a dramatic geometrical change of the compound. Molecular modelling studies [92] suggest that the distance between the two... 

Figure 5.61 Schematic representation of a [Ru(bpy)3]2+/a-ZrP viologen structure on silica, plus the sequence of fast (1,2) and slow (3) electron transfer steps that follow photoexcitation of the photoactive ruthenium-containing polymer MDESA, p-methoxyaniline diethylsulfonate. Reprinted from Coord. Chem. Rev., 185-186, D. M. Kaschak, S. A. Johnson, C. C. Waraksa, J. Pogue and T. E. Mallouk, Artificial photosynthesis in lamellar assemblies of metal poly(pyridyl) complexes and metalloporphyrins, 403-416, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier Science...

Ruthenium is known to catalyze a number of reactions, including the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons (7) and the polymerization of ethylene (2). The higher metal dispersions and the shape selectivity that a zeolite provides has led to the study of ruthenium containing zeolites as catalytic materials (3). A number of factors affect the product distribution in Fischer-Tropsch chemistry when zeolites containing ruthenium are used as the catalyst, including the location of the metal (4) and the method of introducing ruthenium into the zeolite (3). 

Few examples involve the use of dioxygen alone as the primary oxidant. The use of a Ru(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate complex has been described [28] but this almost certainly involves a free-radical autoxidation pathway and offers no advantages. Following the initial report by Neumann et al. [29] on the use of [WZnRu2(0H)(H20)(ZnW9034)2]11 attention has been focused on the use of ruthenium-containing polyoxometalates (POMs) as catalysts for the aerobic... 

Another oxidation system using tri-ruthenium-containing POM was published by Bonchio et al. [31]. [Ru(C6Me6)]3Mo5018 or [Ru(C6Me6)]3W5018 was used as the oxidation catalyst with 2,6-dichloropyridine-N-oxide under acidic conditions (Eq. 3). 

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