Pacific Ammonia

KAAP [Kellogg advanced ammonia process] The first high-pressure process developed for synthesizing ammonia from its elements which does not use an iron-containing catalyst. The reformer gas for this process is provided by the KRES process. The catalyst was developed by BP it contains ruthenium supported on carbon. Developed by MW Kellogg Company in 1990 and first installed by the Ocelot Ammonia Company (now Pacific Ammonia) at Kitimat, British Columbia, from 1991 to 1992. Another plant was installed at Ampro Fertilizers in Donaldsonville, LA, in 1996. 

In 1990, the Pacific ammonia synthesis project was initiated. At the same year, Engelhard Corporation obtained the production license of the catalyst. In 1991, Kellogg obtained the catalyst technology from BP Company. In November 1992, Kellogg announced that the first KAAP started up successfully based on ruthenium ammonia s mthesis catalysts at Pacific Ammonia. 

The new rathenium catalyst has been used in the Pacific Ammonia Inc plant at Kitimat in British Columbia since 1992. Ammonia had been made there, from the methanol plant purge gas, since 1986 using a conventional iron synthesis catalyst. The new rathenium catalyst converter was in series with the old converter. Although in 1992 there was no additional synthesis gas to increase production capacity, the ruthenium catalyst operated well in a radial flow reactor and reduced both the steam and electricity used by 30-40% and 5-10% respectively. The new catalyst was said to be twenty times as active as the iron catalyst, and the effluent gas contained about 20% ammonia. 

Another key feature of this new process is the patented KBR Reforming Exchanger System (KRES), which eliminates the need for the directly fired primary reformer furnace (fig. 6.11). This reduces capital costs by 5-8%, and emissions of NO and CO2 by 70-75%. The first KAAP process was installed for the Ocelot Ammonia Company s (now Pacific Ammonia Inc.) retrofit of its plant in Kitimat, British Columbia, in 1992 and when the first two new KAAP plants (for Farmland Misschem and PCS Nitrogen) were completed at Point Lisas, Trinidad, in July 1998, they became the world s largest ammonia facilities (each at 1,850 t/day) to date. ... 

Cuprasol Also called EIC. A process for removing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from geothermal steam by scrubbing with an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. The resulting copper sulfide slurry is oxidized with air, and the copper sulfate re-used. The sulfur is recovered as ammonium sulfate. Developed by the EIC Corporation, MA, and demonstrated by the Pacific Gas Electric Company at Geysers, CA, in 1979. 

Figure 5.3 Depth distribution of ammonia oxidation rate from four stations in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. Data obtained from N-NH4 tracer incubations at simulated in situ light intensities. (FromWard and Zafiriou 1988)...

Miyazaki, T., Wada, E., and Hattori, A. (1975). Nitrite production from ammonia and nitrate in the euphoric layer of the western North Pacific Ocean. Marine Science Communications 1, 381-394. 

Nold, S. C., Zhou, J. Z., Devol, A. H., and Tiedje, J. M. (2000). Pacific Northwest marine sediments contain ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the beta subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4532—4535. 

Based on early data on the concentration of ammonia in rain, Lau and Charlson (1977) determined a trend for the atmospheric ammonia concentration across the United States. The estimation of atmospheric ammonia content increased progressively starting from the east coast to the mid-west and on to the western states. Upon reaching the Pacific coast, the atmospheric ammonia concentration decreases. Although the values obtained in this study tend to be lower than those determined by more recent... 

As noted earlier, East Asia is mainly a self-polluted region. Only a few countries are affected by remote sources (first of all, by emitters located in the Asian part of Russia and in Central Asia). The most affected territory belongs to Mongolia, where the fraction of sulfur deposition from remote sources amounts to 30%. The sources in Asia affect Eastern Russia, the shelf seas, and the Pacific Ocean. The main source of all types of pollutants is China. Its annual emission exceeds the values of other countries taken together by a factor of several fold (for sulfur and oxidized nitrogen) or by one order of tar (for ammonia). Consequently this country is the most important donor of the acidifying and euthrophic substances in Asia. The relevant recipients are South Korea and Japan. 

On January 18, 2002, a Canadian Pacific freight train derailed outside Minot, North Dakota. Five of the cars carried anhydrous ammonia. Leaking ammonia killed one person and sent dozens of others to hospitals for treatment. Ten of those seeking treatment were admitted to the hospital. Some local residents were evacuated, while others were asked to shelter in place. Civil defense sirens and local radio and television stations alerted residents. 

Pacific Nitro en Corp., 121. Pauling ate furnace, 15, 25, 28. Phospliate of ammonia, 102, 113. Phosphoric acid, 68,... 

Figure 4-8. Vapor-liquid equilibria of typical coke-oven gases and liquids obtained in ammonia scrubbers (indirect process). From Pacific Coast Gas Association, Gas Engineers Handbook (1934)...

Ennis. C. E., 1977, Sulfur Dioxide Removal with Ammonia A Fresh Perspective, Second Pacific Chemical Engineering Congress (PACHEC 1977), Denver, CO. 

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