Carbohydrates chitosane

Recently, Li et al. [30], Yu et al. [31] reinvestigated the mechanism of graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose initiated by the Ce(IV) ion with some new results as mentioned in Section II. Furthermore, they investigated the mechanism of model graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto chitosan [51]. They chose the compounds containing adjacent hydroxyl-amine structures, such as D-glucosamine, /mn5-2-amino-cyclohexanol, 2-... 

Chen R.H., Chen W.Y., Wang S.T., Hsu C.H., Tsai M.L. 2009. Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. Carbohydrate Polymers 78, 902-907. 

Kasaai M.R. 2007. Calculation of Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (MHS) equation viscometric constants for chitosan in any solvent-temperature system using experimental reported viscometric constants data. Carbohydrate Polymers 68, 477-488. 

Morris, G. A. Castile, J. Smith, A. Adams, G.G. Harding, S.E. 2009. Macromolecular conformation of chitosan in dilute solution A new global hydrodynamic approach. Carbohydrate Polymers 76, 616-621. 

I. Higuera-Ciapara, L. Felix-Valenzuela, F.M. Goycoolea and W. Arguelles-Monal, Microencapsulation of astaxanthin in a chitosan matrix. Carbohydr. Polym. 56 (2004) 41 45. 

Fiebrig, L, Varum, K.M., Elarding, S.E., Davis, S.S., and Stokke, B.T. Colloidal gold and colloidal gold labelled wheat germ agglutinin as molecular probes for identification in mucin/ chitosan complexes, Carbohydr. Polym., 33 91-99 (1997). 

Fiebrig, L, Harding, S.E., Rowe, A.J., Hyman, S.C., and Davis, S.S., Transmission electron microscopy studies on pig gastric mucin and its interactions with chitosan, Carbohydr. Polym., 28 239-244 (1995). 

Few reports exist on the l.c. separation of such cationic carbohydrate oligomers as those resulting from partial hydrolysis of chitosan. The neutral, A -acetylated analogs from chitin hydrolyses are, however, well separated on columns of aminopropyl silica gel and reversed-phase silica gel. ... 

Kim, S. K. and Rajapakse, N. (2005). Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 62, 357-368. 

Shigemasa, Y. (1993). Effects of chitosan on wound healing. In "Carbohydrates and... 

Minami, S., Masuda, M., Suzuki, H., Okamoto, Y., Matsuhashi, A., Kato, K., and Shigemasa, Y. (1997). Subcutaneous injected chitosan induces systemic activation in dogs. Carbohydr. Polym. 33, 285-294. 

Anraku, M., Fujii, T., Kono, T., Kojima, E., Hata, T., Tabuchi, N., Tsuchiya, D., Goromaru, T., Tsutsumi, H., Kadowaki, D., Maruyama, T., Otagiri, M., etal. (2011). Antioxidant properties of high molecular weight dietary chitosan in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr. Polym. 83, 501-505. 

Park, P. J., Je, J. Y., and Kim, S. K. (2004a). Free radical scavenging activities of differently deacetylated chitosans using an ESR spectrometer. Carbohydr. Polym. 55,17-22. 

Qaqish, R.B., Amiji, M.M. (1999). Synthesis of a fluorescent chitosan derivative and its application for the study of chitosan-mucin interactions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 99-107. 

Abstract Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific dehvery is also briefly... 

Nguyen S, Hisiger S, Jolicoeur M et al (2009) Fractionation and characterization of chitosan by analytical SEC and 1H NMR after semi-preparative SEC. Carbohydr Polym 75(4) 636-645... 

Murata J, Ohya Y, Ouchi T (1996) Possibility of application of quaternary chitosan having pendant galactose residues as gene delivery tool. Carbohydr Polym 29(l) 69-74... 

Void IMN, Christensen BE (2005) Periodate oxidation of chitosans with different chemical compositions. Carbohydr Res 340(4) 679-684... 

Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Tanfani, F., Emmanueli, S. and Mariotti, S. (1982) V-(carboxymethyli-dene)-chitosans and V-(carboxymethyl)-chitosans novel chelating polyampholytes obtained from chitosan glyoxylate. Carbohydr. Res. 107 199-214. 

Sieval, A.B., Thanou, M, Kotze, A.F., Verhoef, J.C., Brussee, J. and Junginger, H.E. (1998) Preparation and NMR-characterization of highly substituted A-trimethyl chitosan hydrochloride. Carbohydr. Polym 36 157-165. 

Snyman, D., Hamman, J. H,. Kotze, J.S., Rollings, J.E. and Kotze, A.F. (2002) The relationship between the absolute molecular weight and the degree of quatemization of /V-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Carbohydr. Polym. 50 145-150. 

Sriamornsak P, Thirawong N, Nunthanid J, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Thongborisute J, Takeu-chi H (2008) Atomic force microscopy imaging of novel self-assembling pectin-liposome nanocomplexes. Carbohydr Polym 71 (2) 324—329 Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa T, Hino T, Kawashima Y (1994) Mucoadhesion of polymer-coated liposomes to rat intestine in vitro. Chem Pharm Bull 42(9) 1954-1956 Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa K, Hino T, Kawashima Y (1996) Enteral absorption of insulin in rats from mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Pharm Res 13 896-901 Takeuchi H, Kojima H, Yamamoto H, Kawashima Y (2000) Polymer coating of liposomes with a modified polyvinyl alcohol and their systemic circulation and RES uptake in rats. J Control Rel 68(2) 195-205... 

Kato, Y., Kaminaga, J., Matsuo, R., and Isogai, A., TEMPO-mediated oxidation of chitin, regenerated chitin and N-acetylated chitosan. Carbohydrate Polymers 2004, 58 (4), 421-426. 

Genta, I., Costantini, M., Asti, A., Conti, B., and Montanari, L. (1998), Influence of glu-taraldehyde on drug release and mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres, Carbohydr. Polym., 36,81-88. 

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