Chitosan oligosaccharides

The novel L-lysine modified cross-linked chitosan resin containing imine linkers [15] has been studied by the 13C CP MAS spectroscopy.31 However, as some ambiguous results were obtained and the resin was insoluble, instead of the resin a soluble model compound, derivative of chitosan oligosaccharide, has been obtained and investigated. 

Chung, B.G. Lee, S. J. (1991) Aspergillus fumigatus mutant for manufacture of chitosan oligosaccharide from chitosan. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,322,554 of 10 Dec. 1996. Chem. Abstr., 1997,126, 101706k. 

Kim, S. K. (2010). Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives Biological Activities and Applications. CRC Taylor Francis, USA (pp. 666). 

Kim, S. K. and Rajapakse, N. (2005). Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 62, 357-368. 

Jeon, Y. J. and Kim, S. K. (2001). Potential immuno-stimulating effect of antitumoral fraction of chitosan oligosaccharides. J. Chitin Chitosan 6,163-167. 

Du Y-Z, Lu P et al (2010) Stearic acid grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelle as a promising vector for gene delivery system factors affecting the complexation. Int J Pharm 391 260-266... 

Du Y-Z, Wang L et al (2011) Linoleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles for intracellular drug delivery and reverse drug resistance of tumor cells. Int J Biol Macromol 48(l) 215-222... 

Li Q, Du Y-Z et al (2010) Synthesis of Lamivudine stearate and antiviral activity of stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide polymeric micelles delivery system. Eur J Pharm Sci 41 498-507... 

Hu F-Q, X-1 Wu et al (2008) Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of shell crosslinked stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles encapsulating doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 69 117-125... 

Zhou Y-Y, Du Y-Z et al (2010) Preparation and pharmacodynamics of stearic acid and poly (lactlc-co-glycolic acid) grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles for 10-hydroxycamp-tothecln. Int J Pharm 393 144-152... 

I. Defaye, A. Gadelle, and C. Pedersen, Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides, in G. Skjaak-Braek, T. 

Chitosan. — A method has been developed for the rapid identification and quantitative determination of chitosan oligosaccharides using an amino-acid analyser with a linear gradient. 

Du, Y. Z., and Wang, L. (2009). Preparation and characteristics of linoleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles as a carrier for doxorubicin. Colloids Surf B., 69, 257-263. 

Khan, W., Prithiviraj, B. and Smith, DL. (2002) Effect of foliar application of chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides on photosynthesis of maize and soybean. Photosynthetica, 40, 621-624. 

Micelles are composed of amphiphilic block copolymers that self-assemble into spherical shapes of nanometer diameter due to energy minimization with the surrounding solvent. When exposed to a hydrophilic solvent the hydrophilic domains orient toward the solvent, while the hydrophobic domains orient toward the core and form a clump away from the solvent. In a similar manner, when amphiphilic molecules are exposed to a hydrophobic solvent they form micelles with a hydrophobic block on the surface and a hydrophilic block in the core. Micelles thus have a unique core-shell architecture composed of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic blocks depending on the chemical structures and the medium. The hydrophobic or hydrophilic core provides a reservoir for water-soluble or insoluble drugs and protects them from decomposition in order to maintain activity and stability. Stearic acid (SA)-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) formed... 

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