Symbolic capital

Figure 1.1 Simple representation of a metabolic pathway. Compound B is the product of the first reaction and the substrate for the second reaction, and so on. Capital symbols represent metabolic intermediates and lower case letters with the suffix ase represent enzymes...

Name Symbol (capital) Symbol (lower case) Used for... 

In these rules, underlined, lowercase symbols are terminal symbols for the grammar—that is, they are actual parts of speech for words that can appear in a valid sentence. The capitalized symbols are syntactic variables called nonterminal symbols. Nonterminals are distinguished by the fact that they appear on the left-hand side of one or more rules. Each nonterminal is defined by a set of rules. The nonterminals thus provide structure to the grammar. Each rule describes some aspect of an English sentence and an interpretation of the nonterminal that appears on its left-hand side. We read the first rule as a Sentence is a Subject, followed by a Predicate, followed by a period. The next two rules establish two ways to construct a Subject. The final three mles give three options for building a Predicate. 

A matrix is a table, and will be denoted by a bold capital symbol. It is rather like a spreadsheet, the entries in the table being defined by the row and column in which they occur. The entry in the / th row and theyth column of the matrix A, an element of A, will be denoted in lower case italic as a. A matrix with n rows and m columns is said to be an - -w matrix. Thus, for example, a 2 x 2 matrix can be written as... 

The lower case symbols refer to molecules, is the degeneracy of molecular energy level ej, while the capital symbols 0, and ), refer to the whole gas. 

The work depends on the detailed path, so Dn is an inexact differential as symbolized by the capitalization. (There is no established convention about tliis symbolism some books—and all mathematicians—use the same symbol for all differentials some use 6 for an inexact differential others use a bar tln-ough the d still others—as in this article—use D.) The difference between an exact and an inexact differential is crucial in thennodynamics. In general, the integral of a differential depends on the path taken from the initial to the final state. Flowever, for some special but important cases, the integral is independent of the path then and only then can one write... 

Y, Z, E, P, T, G, and M, the prefixes for lO and above, are capitalized, as are the symbols whose unit names have been derived from proper names, eg, N for newton (Sk Isaac Newton) and Pa for pascal (Blaise Pascal) an exception is the use of L for Hter. 

Radicals from partially hydrogenated heterocycles may be named in two ways in the usual manner, using the appropriate hydro prefix for the parent compound, or by use of the indicated hydrogen convention (italic capital H and locant, enclosed in parentheses). The symbol for the indicated hydrogen must be written immediately following the locant for the radical site, e.g. (163). 

Components are given capital letters A, B, C or the element symbols Cu, Zn, C. 

Some authors write x = r s to denote the total variables of the electron, and write the total wavefunction as k(x) or F(r, s). 1 have used a capital here to emphasize that the total wavefunction depends on both the space and spin variables. I will use the symbol dr to denote a differential space element, and ds to denote a differential spin element. 

Each element has been named and, for convenience, has been given a nickname—a shorthand symbol of one or two letters. Thus the element carbon is symbolized by the letter C, the element neon by the letters Ne. The symbols are adopted by international agreement among chemists. Eleven of the elements have names derived from the capitalized first letter of the Latin name of the element and, if necessary, by a second letter (uncapitalized). These eleven include seven common metals known to the ancients. (See Table 2-V.)... 

Name that is registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol the name can be used only by the manufacturer a drug may have several trade names, depending on the number of manufacturers the first letter of the name is capitalized. 

Step 1, Second Symbol. A bond is being broken between C and H. The symbol is D. In any process, the subscript is E if a core atom is forming a bond to an electrophile (Ag) or breaking a bond to an electrofuge (De). Since C is a core atom, the symbol here is De- Alternatively, the symbol could be Dh- The rules allow Ah or Dh to replace Ae or De if the electrophile or electrofuge is H. Because a core atom is involved in this primitive change the H in the subscript is capitalized. 

Translational symmetry is the most important symmetry property of a crystal. In the Hermann-Mauguin symbols the three-dimensional translational symmetry is expressed by a capital letter which also allows the distinction of primitive and centered crystal lattices (cf. Fig. 2.6, p. 8) ... 

For linear molecules or ions the symbols are usually those derived from the term symbols for the electronic states of diatomic and other linear molecules. A capital Greek letter E, n, A, O,... is used, corresponding to k — 0,1,2,3,..., where A. is the quantum number for rotation about the molecular axis. For E species a superscript + or - is added to indicate the symmetry with respect to a plane that contains the molecular axis. 

Symbol one- or two-letter representation of an element or an atom of an element. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized the second letter, if any, is lowercase. 

We use the recommended notation of the AIChE for dimensionless groups that are named after their originator, i.e., a capital N with a subscript identifying the person the group is named for. However, a number of dimensionless quantities that are identified by other symbols see, for example, Section IV. 

The fluorescent components are denoted by I (intensity) followed by a capitalized subscript (D, A or s, for respectively Donors, Acceptors, or Donor/ Acceptor FRET pairs) to indicate the particular population of molecules responsible for emission of/and a lower-case superscript (d or, s) that indicates the detection channel (or filter cube). For example, / denotes the intensity of the donors as detected in the donor channel and reads as Intensity of donors in the donor channel, etc. Similarly, properties of molecules (number of molecules, N quantum yield, Q) are specified with capitalized subscript and properties of channels (laser intensity, gain, g) are specified with lowercase superscript. Factors that depend on both molecular species and on detection channel (excitation efficiency, s fraction of the emission spectrum detected in a channel, F) are indexed with both. Note that for all factorized symbols it is assumed that we work in the linear (excitation-fluorescence) regime with negligible donor or acceptor saturation or triplet states. In case such conditions are not met, the FRET estimation will not be correct. See Chap. 12 (FRET calculator) for more details. 

As in the case of atoms, the molecular term symbol is written as 2S+1L, where L is the absolute value of Ml (the highest positive value). The molecular states are designated as for atoms except for the use of capital Greek letters ... 

Note degrees in the Kelvin scale do not have the degree symbol. The units have a capital K, but the noun kelvin has a small letter. 

It is helpful to distinguish matrices, vectors, scalars and indices by typographic conventions. Matrices are denoted in boldface capital characters (A), vectors in boldface lowercase (a) and scalars in lowercase italic characters (s). For indices, lower case characters are used (i). The symbol t indicates matrix and vector transposition (A4, a4). 

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