Cases character

It is helpful to distinguish matrices, vectors, scalars and indices by typographic conventions. Matrices are denoted in boldface capital characters (A), vectors in boldface lowercase (a) and scalars in lowercase italic characters (s). For indices, lower case characters are used (i). The symbol t indicates matrix and vector transposition (A4, a4). 

Note that Matlab s symbolic toolbox demands lower case characters for species names. 

Multivariate data are represented by one or several matrices. Variables (scalars, vectors, matrices) are written in italic characters scalars in lower or upper case (examples n, A), vectors in bold face lower case (example b). Vectors are always column vectors row vectors are written as transposed vectors (example bv). Matri ces are written in bold face upper case characters (example X). The first index of a matrix element denotes the row, the second the column. Examples x,- - or x(i, j) is an element of matrix X, located in row i and column / xj is the vector of row i xy is the vector of column j. 

Worst-case character of the traditional default assessment factors is considered doubtful as the 95th percentile for the proposed distributions for the interspecies (anrmal-to-human) factor and the subchronic-to-chronic duration factor are considerably higher than 10. In addition, the limited data on intraspecies (human-to-human) variation is also considered to indicate that a default factor of 10 may not be sufficient. 

The hybrid bond orbitals discussed in the preceding chapter have been described as having only a small amount of d and / character. The bonds in many molecules and complex ions, especially those involving atoms of the transition elements, can be discussed in a simple way in terms of hybrid orbitals with a large amount of d character (and, in a few cases, / character). These bonds and a magnetic criterion for bond type are discussed in the following sections. 

The very basic facts of this set of problems is that for every compound in a given separation system there is one retention factor. To make things easy we will encode the different separation systems with the codes ta, tb,. .. and use retention factors multiplied by 100 and truncated to an integer value. To distinguish them from the conventional retention factors Rf we will call them hrf values. Furthermore, for reasons to be given later we will use lower case characters for names. Our objects are the compounds to be separated and the hrf values they have in the various separation systems. Thus, we relate the compound identified by its name with the pair separation system and hrf value. We will call these relations hrf. Thus, the fact that the compound aconitine in the TLC system encoded as tb has the hrf value 45 is specified as... 

Alphanumeric fields have a definable format including uppercase and lowercase, capital, and title-case character settings. Reformatting is applied during user input. 

Zones defined by electrophysiological criteria usually are designated by lower case characters (i.e. the a, x, cl-3, dl-2 zones see Fig. 175). 

Finally a fourth boundary condition shall be valid to support the worst case character of the procedure. The reaction order necessary for the formal kinetic description of a process has a severe influence on the pressure/time and respectively the tempera-ture/time-profiles to be expected. Industrial experience has shown that approximately 90% of all processes conducted in either batch or semibatch reactors can be described with a second order formal kinetic rate law. But it remains uncertain whether this statement, which is related to isothermal or isoperibolic operation with a rather limited overheating, remains valid if the reaction proceeds adiabatically and if side reactions contribute to the gross reaction rate at a much higher degree. In consequence, it shall be assumed for a credible worst case evaluation that the disturbed process follows a first order kinetics. Any reactions occurring in reality will almost certainly proceed at a much lower rate. 

You may notice that in the actual file on the CD-ROM, the SADI commands are written in lower-case characters. As mentioned in Section 1.3.1, the SHELXL input is strictly not case-sensitive. 

If an array has only one column (m x 1) or one row (1 x n), then it is a vector. We will use an unembellished, bold face, lower case character to represent a column vector. 

Single and double, upper and lower case r s and n s are used to convey the recommendations. Briefly, RR, R, rr, and r indicate various degrees of good resistance and NN, N, nn, and n indicate various degrees of poor chemical resistance. Double characters indicate that there are test data to support the recommendations, and single characters indicate that only qualitative information was available. Upper case characters indicate concensus and a relatively large amount of information, whereas lower case indicates a relatively small amount of information or inconsistencies. 

For less casual conventional writing, the situation can be more difficult. In email messages, one finds that some writers do not use an upper cases characters at the start of a sentence, or that new-lines are used as sentence boundaries and no ending punctuation is found. We also come across the problem in email that the form of the headers is intended for email programs to parse and process and not for reading aloud. So the notion of sentence is unclear here. To get around this, we simply have to decide in what form we will read this information and so what form the sentences will take in these genres. One approach is to have each line as a sentence, another is to somehow process the header into a spoken list or other structure. 

For conventional writing we make use of the fact that in most cases the writer has clearly marked the sentence boundaries and so our job is simply to recover these from the text. Perhaps ironically then, our algorithm is based on the lay notion of finding upper-case characters at beginnings of sentences and full-stop characters at the end, and marking sentences as what lies between. The situation is not quite that simple as we know the full-stop character can be used for a variety of purposes, as can upper-case characters. The task is therefore one of finding instances of full stops and related characters, and classifying them as to whether they indicate sentence boundaries or not. 

Syntax. The GAMS compiler does not distinguish between upper and lower case characters. Hence, to allow for more readable text, both cases may be used interchangeably in an input file. 

Throughout this book, I list sources of infonnation of value to gamma spectrometrists. The reality of life in 2007 is that, for very many people, the Internet is the first port-of-cair for information. Because of this, 1 have leaned heavily on Internet sources and quoted links to them as standard URLs - Uniform Resource Locators, i.e. Internet addresses, to suitable websites. URLs are usually not case-sensitive . However, that depends on the type of server used to host the website. It is better to type the URL as given here, i.e. preserving upper/lower-case characters. 

In this contribution lower case characters are used for scalars (example n). Vectors are represented by lower case characters in bold face (example jc). All vectors are considered as column vectors. Row vectors are written as the transpose (jc ). For matrices upper case characters in bold face are used (example A is the matrix element in row i and column /). 

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