Names and symbols for

Synthetic large molecules are made by joining together thousands of small molecular units known as monomers. The process of joining the molecules is called polymerisation and the number of these units in the long molecule is known as the degree of polymerisation. The names of many polymers consist of the name of the monomer with the suffix poly-. For example, the polymers polypropylene and polystryene are produced from propylene and styrene respectively. Names, and symbols for common polymers are given in Appendix F. 

The separate question of names and symbols for the new elements has, unfortunately, taken even longer to resolve, but definitive recommendations were ratified by lUPAC in August 1997 and have been generally accepted. It is clearly both unsatisfactory and confusing to have more than one name in current use for a given element and to have the same name being applied to two different elements. For this reason the present treatment refers to the individual elements by means of their atomic numbers. However, to help readers with the nomenclature used in the references cited, a list of the various names that are in use or that have been suggested from time to time is summarised in Table 31.7. 

The names and symbols for elements 110 through 118 have not yet been chosen ... 

The basic materials of systematic chemical nomenclature are the element names and symbols, which are, of themselves, trivial, with the exception of the systematic, provisional names and symbols for the elements of atomic number greater than 109. These provisional names will be superseded eventually by trivial names and symbols. In any case, they make little impact on general chemical practice. 

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as new elements were identified, the discoverer received the honor of naming the element. Different trends in assigning names developed at different times. Element names were based on mythological figures, celestial bodies, color, chemical properties, geographical areas, minerals, derived names, and people. Table 5.3 gives the derivation of names and symbols for the common elements. 

All elements are assigned a one- or two-letter chemical symbol, which is used in writing out chemical formulas and reactions. The names and symbols for some of the elements commonly found in living things are carbon, C oxygen, O hydrogen, H nitrogen, N phosphorus, P and sulfur, S. 

The names and symbols for elements 112-118 are under review. The temporary system recommended by J. Chatt, Pure Appl. Chem., 51, 381-384 (1979) is used above. The names of elements 101-109 were agreed in 1997 (See Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2471-2473 (1997)), for element 110 in 2003 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1613-1615 (2003)) and for element 111 in 2004 (see Pure Appl. Chem., 76, 2101-2103 (2004)). 

TABLE APP. 1 Names and Symbols for Primary Physical Quantities in SI Units... 

The names and symbols for elements are those adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2004). No names and symbols have as yet been adopted for Z>I11. 

In the Naming Ionic Compounds activity (eChapter 2.10) there are 3 cations that form soluble compounds with all of the anions listed. Write the names and symbols for these cations. There are also 3 anions that form soluble compounds with all of the cations listed. Write the names and symbols for these anions. 

Write down the names and symbols for the noble gases not given in Table 9.6 and use your research skills to find a use for each. 

The following tables contain the internationally recommended names and symbols for the physical quantities most likely to be used by chemists. Further quantities and symbols may be found in recommendations by IUPAP [4] and ISO [5]. 

The names and symbols for quantities used in quantum mechanics and recommended here are in agreement with those recommended by IUPAP [4]. The names and symbols for quantities used mainly in the field of quantum chemistry have been chosen on the basis of the current practice in the field. 

Note the importance of using the recommended name and symbol for the quantity in each of the above examples. Statements such as the concentration of nickel was 2.6 ppm are ambiguous and should be avoided. 

The further symbols listed in the table below are also to be found in the literature, but their use is to be deprecated. Note that the names and symbols for 10"9 and 10 12 in this table are based on the American system of names. In other parts of the world a billion sometimes stands for 1012 and a trillion for 1018. Note also that the symbol ppt is sometimes used for part per thousand, and sometimes for part per trillion. 

A clear distinction should be drawn between the names and symbols for physical quantities, and the names and symbols for units. Names and symbols for many physical quantities are given in chapter 2 the symbols given there are recommendations. If other symbols are used they should be clearly defined. Names and symbols for units are given in chapter 3 the symbols for units listed there are mandatory. 

Just as with quantum yields, there are basically two different kinds of lifetimes, one a result of direct experimental measurement, and the other a derived quantity. These have not always been carefully distinguished. Moreover, the same quantity has been labeled by a variety of names and symbols. For example, radiative lifetime, true radiative lifetime, natural lifetime, intrinsic lifetime, and inherent lifetime all mean the same thing the lifetime a molecule in an excited state would have if there were no steps competing with that of spontaneous emission of radiation. 

Among the base units of the SI system, the kilogram unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix Qdlo-). Names and symbols for multiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit gram and prefix symbols to the unit symbol g. For example, 1(T kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not Ipkg (1 microkilogram). 

The systematic names and symbols for elements greater than 110 will be used until the approval of trivial names by lUPAC. 

Table II Temporary names and symbols for elements of atomic number greater than 111a...

The names and symbols for elements 111-114 are temporary. Final names will be selected when the elements discoveries are verified. 

A short list of symbols of common elements is given in Table 1 -2. Learning this list will be helpful. Many s)mibols consist of the first one or two letters of the element s English name. Some are derived from the element s Latin name (indicated in parentheses in Table 1-2) and one, W for tungsten, is from the German Wolfram. Names and symbols for additional elements should be learned as they are encountered. 

Write names and symbols for (a) the alkaline earth metals, (b) the Group IVA elements, (c) the Group VIB elements. 

Write the names and symbols for an ion and an element that have the same electron configuration. 

In your study of chemistry, it will be useful to learn the names and symbols for as many of the elements in Table 2.1 as you can. 

Give the names and symbols for the common elements. (Check with your instructor to find out which names and symbols you need to know.)... 

Write the name and symbol for the elements that fit the following descriptions. 

Convert between names and symbols for the common elements. See Table 2.1. 

Write the names and symbols for four elements in each of the following categories (a) nonmetal, (b) metal,... 

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