High capacity carbons

The work presented in this chapter involves the study of high capacity carbonaceous materials as anodes for lithium-ion battery applications. There are hundreds and thousands of carbonaceous materials commercially available. Lithium can be inserted reversibly within most of these carbons. In order to prepare high capacity carbons for hthium-ion batteries, one has to understand the physics and chemistry of this insertion. Good understanding will ultimately lead to carbonaceous materials with higher capacity and better performance. 

The latter, so-called "high specific charge" or "high capacity", carbons have received considerable attention in recent research and development. Usually they are synthesized at rather low temperatures, ranging from -500 to -1000 °C, and can exhibit reversible specific charges from -400 to -2000 Ah kg (x= -1.2 to -5 in... 

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The level of compression of carbon dioxide required is dependent on the disposal option but can generally be said to be in the range of 150-180 bar for disposal in saline aquifers and depleted oil reservoirs. Disposal in coal measures may require less compression (80-100 bar) and deep sea trenches more (250-300 bar). High capacity carbon dioxide injection plants are complex and require multi-stage compression steps. This amount of compression requires significant levels of power, this has been estimated by Saxena and Flintoff and summarised in Table 6.6 for... 

Patel HA, Karadas E, Canlier A et al (2012) High capacity carbon dioxide adsorption by inexpensive covalent organic polymers. J Mater Chem 22 8431-8437... 

Figure 10.25 Trace analysis of bromate on a high-capacity carbonate-selective anion exchanger using CRD 300. Separator column lonPac AS23 with guard column temperature 30 °C eluent 4.5 mmol/L Na2C03 -i-1 mmol/L NaHCOj flow rate 1 mL/min detection ...

Figure 10.28 Separation of chlorite, bromate, bromide, and chlorate at trace levels in reagent water and spiked tap water using ERA Method 317.0 using a high-capacity carbon-ate-seiective anion exchanger. Separator coiumn lonPac AS9-HC with guard coiumn dimensions 250mm x4 mm i.d. eiuent 9mmoi/L Na2C03 flow rate 1.3ml7min detection suppressed conductivity and...

Figure 5.10. Diagrammatic models of the suggested mechanisms for reversible lithium storage in high-capacity carbon materials...

In order to resolve these drawbacks, research is now turning toward the production of high-capacity carbons with characteristics equivalent to those of graphite. 

Here, we shall not give the mass capacities of high-capacity carbonic materials - whose theoretical capacities may be, e.g., twice as great as those of graphite (for instance, Li2Cg, 740 mAh/g) or even greater - because they are not currently used in commercial batteries. The major problem with these materials remains the significant irreversible capacity obtained with the first lithium insertion (formation process). 

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