Cancer in mice

BARRETT J E, KLOPFENSTEIN c F, LEIPOLD H w (1998) Protective effects of cruciferous seed meals and hulls against colon cancer in mice. Cancer Lett. 127 83-8. 

Yarosh, D. et al., Pyrimidine dimer removal enhanced by DNA repair liposomes reduces the incidence of UV skin cancer in mice, Cancer Res. 52,4224-4231, 1992. 

It is not known if phenol causes cancer in humans. However, cancer has been shown to occur in mice when phenol was applied to the skin several times each week during the whole lifetime of the animal. When it is applied in combination with certain cancer-causing chemicals, a higher rate of cancer occurs than when the carcinogens are applied alone. Phenol did not cause cancer in mice or rats when they drank water containing phenol for 2 years. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) considers phenol not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. 

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris), used to treat children s sleepwear to reduce flammability, was banned from use. The chemical was linked to kidney cancer in mice and rats and was mutagenic in bacteria. At the time it was used on 40-60% of children s sleepwear, mostly polyester, to enable it to meet federal requirements for flame retardance. 

Dupuy AJ, Rogers LM, Km J et al (2009) A modified sleeping beauty transposon system that can be used to model a wide variety of human cancers in mice. Cancer Res 69 8150-8156... 

The presence in mineral oil of potential carcinogens also raised safety concerns relating to FCA/FIA. Mineral oil is composed of a complex mixture of both cyclic and non-cyclic hydrocarbons of varying chain length, some of which display carcinogenic potential. Arlacel A was also found to be capable of inducing cancer in mice. 

However, because chronic-duration exposure to 2,3-benzofuran increases the incidence of cancer in rodents, including liver cancer in mice (NTP 1989), any possible anticarcinogenic action of 2,3-benzofuran is less relevant. 

Hayashi, K., Hibasami, H., Murakami, T., Terahara, N., Mori, M., Tsukui, A. (2006). Induction of apoptosis in cultured human stomach cancer cells by potato anthocyanins and its inhibitory effects on growth of stomach cancer in mice. FoodSci. Technol. Res., 12,22-26. 

Just as the combread is often contaminated with F. moniliforme, so too the preserved vegetables are generally contaminated with Geotrichum candidum. The formation of these molds is not necessarily indicative of poor domestic hygiene, rather they are regarded by some as an enhancement (cf. certain Western European cheeses). Extracts of these preserved vegetables were found (152) to induce stomach cancers in mice and rats, and [Fe2(SMe)2(NO)4] could be isolated from vegetables preserved in this way (12,143 145,152). 

Lu Y, Yao R, Yan Y, Wang Y, Hara Y, Lubet RA, You M. 2006b. A gene expression signature that can predict green tea exposure and chemopreventive efficacy of lung cancer in mice. Cancer Res 66 1956-1963. 

Mantena SK, Meeran SM, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. 2005. Orally administered green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer in mice through activation of cytotoxic T cells and inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors. J Nutr 135 2871-2877. 

Talmadge, J. E., Lenz, B. F., Klabansky, R, Simon, R, Riggs, C., Guo, S., Oldham, R K. and Fidler, I. J. (1986) Therapy of autochthonous skin cancers in mice with intravenously injected liposomes containing muramyltripeptide. Cancer Res 46, 1160-1163. 

Highly Toxic. Causes cancer in mice.4,5 Minor exposure causes swelling of the eyelids, painful eye irritation, and upper respiratory tract irritation within 6 hours. Readily absorbed through the skin and respiratory tract.4 Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.5... 

Long-term occupational exposure to fairly low levels of aldrin and dieldrin has not been documented to show any demonstrable adverse effects. Studies with animals fed dieldrin have shown that the liver can be damaged, and the immune system can be suppressed. Oral doses of aldrin and dieldrin have caused liver cancer in mice but not in rats. Data are inadequate to judge the carcinogenicity of aldrin and dieldrin in humans, but the USEPA considers them probable carcinogens based on sufficient evidence in animals. 

Payne WW. 1960. Production of cancers in mice and rats by chromium compounds. Arch Ind Health 21 530-535. 

In the 1980s two more anaesthetics came into use enflurane and isoflurane. These were not metabolised by the liver to the same extent, 2% in the case of enflurane, and only 0.2% of isoflurane. Enflurane was introduced into clinical use in 1981, but isoflurane was delayed because some research appeared to show that it caused liver cancer in mice. This research was repeated by others and shown to be wrong and isoflurane came into general use in 1984. What operating theatre personnel did not like was its off-putting smell. Were there health risks associated with the new anaesthetics A statistical analysis of the side-effects experienced by 17,201 patients on whom they were used was compared with the effects experienced by a similar group on whom halothane had been used. Patients on the newer anaesthetics were more likely to suffer a heart attack and, with isoflurane, palpitations were more common. However, there was no increased risk of the patient dying. 

Moreover, double immunoliposomes were developed in order to treat intracranial human brain cancer in mice [406], The mAbs used were the rat 8D3 mAb to the mouse transferrin receptor and the mAb against the HIR. RNAi (intereference RNA) is a new antisense gene therapy, where an expression plasmid encodes for a shRNA (short hairpin RNA). The shRNA is processed in the cell to an RNA duplex. The latter mediated RNAi. Indeed, weekly i.v. RNAi gene therapy reduced tumor expression of immunoreactive EGFR and caused an 88% increase in survival time of mice with advanced intracranial brain cancer. 

The discovery that exposure to exogenous chemicals could lead to cancer in humans was first made in the late 18th century, when Percival Pott demonstrated the relationship between cancer of the scrotum and the occupation of chimney sweepers exposed to coal tar/soot. Other examples noted later were scrotal cancers in cotton spinners exposed to unrefined mineral oils, and cancers of the urinary bladder in men who worked in textile dye and rubber industries due to their exposure to certain aromatic amines used as antioxidants. Experimental induction of cancer by chemicals was first reported in detail by Yamagiwa and Ichikawa in 1918, when repeated application of coal tar to the ear of rabbits resulted in skin carcinomas. Over the next few years, Kennaway and Leitch confirmed this finding and demonstrated similar effects in mice and rabbits from the application of soot extracts, other types of tar (e.g., acetylene or isoprene), and some heated mineral oils. These researchers also observed skin irritation sometimes accompanied by ulcers at the site of application of the test material. Irritation was thought to be an important factor in skin tumor development. However, not all irritants (e.g., acridine) induced skin cancer in mice and conversely, some purified chemicals isolated from these crude materials... 

DEHP has been shown to produce liver cancer in mice and rats after lifetime exposure. 

Mitomycin C is a carcinogen (sarcomas and other cancers) in mice and rats after intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous injections. It is teratogenic in mice (including skeletal defects). It is nephrotoxic. It is mutagenic in sister chromatid exchange assays. 

Chronic administration of urethane through the oral, inhalation, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes has produced cancer in mice, rats, and hamsters. Urethane exposure in laboratory animals has produced an increased incidence of spontaneous lung adenomas in susceptible mice strains. 

Classified as a confirmed carcinogen by RTECS and ACGIH, and a "anticipated human carcinogen" by the NTP. (LD50) 17 g/kg BW [Rat], Induced lung cancer in mice after 1.5 years exposure. 

Srivastava, S.K., Hu, X., Xia, H., Zaren, H.A., Chatterjee, M.L., Agarwal, R. and Singh, S.V. (1997) Mechanism of differential efficacy of garlic organosulfides in preventing benzo(a)pyrene-induced cancer in mice. Cancer Lett. 118 61-67. 

No one knows why these strange molecules produce cancer in mice and hamsters. Perhaps one of the young readers of this book will discover the mechanism of their cancerogenic action. 

Kingsnorth AN, LaMuraglia GM, Ross JS, et al. 1986. Vanadate supplements and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in mice Increased thymidine incorporation without enhanced carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 53 683-686. 

Kll. Kluft, O., and Boerema, I., Hyperbaric oxygen in experimental cancer in mice. In Clinical Application of Hyperbaric Oxygen (I. Boerema, W. H. Brummelkamp, and N. G. Meijne, eds.), pp. 126-136. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. 

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