Canada continued

Butane. Butane LPO has been a significant source for the commercial production of acetic acid and acetic anhydride for many years. At various times, plants have operated in the former USSR, Germany, Holland, the United States, and Canada. Only the Hoechst-Celanese Chemical Group, Inc. plants in Pampa, Texas, and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, continue to operate. The Pampa plant, with a reported aimual production of 250,000 t/yr, represents about 15% of the 1994 installed U.S. capacity (212). Methanol carbonylation is now the dominant process for acetic acid production, but butane LPO in estabhshed plants remains competitive. 

Uranium ores are leached with dilute sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate [3812-32-6] solution. Hexavalent uranium forms anionic complexes, such as uranyl sulfate [56959-61-6], U02(S0 3, which are more selectively adsorbed by strong base anion exchangers than are other anions in the leach Hquors. Sulfate complexes are eluted with an acidified NaCl or ammonium nitrate [6484-52-2], NH NO, solution. Carbonate complexes are eluted with a neutral brine solution. Uranium is precipitated from the eluent and shipped to other locations for enrichment. Columnar recovery systems were popular in South Africa and Canada. Continuous resin-in-pulp (RIP) systems gained popularity in the United States since they eliminated a difficult and cosdy ore particle/leach hquor separation step. 

This manual is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Grant MacEwan (1902-2000), our college namesake, whose outstanding lifetime achievements and selfless service to the people of Western Canada, continue to be an inspiration to young and old alike. 

All this swirling around costs taxpayer money and does little to reduce the acid rain problem. The trees in the northeast portion of the United States and in Eastern Canada continue to die and more lakes are sterilized. The primary result of the activity of both governments is the support of the bureaucracies funding research and their staffs. The problem continues. Since 1978 the United States Department of Energy has invested 15 billion in fossil energy research. Of this 58% was spent on coal conversion utilization, 24% on electricity Production, 14% oil gas Production and 4% on environmental characterization control. 

Interest in EOR activity is increasing outside the United States. In the same Oil and Gas Journal report that was referenced earlier, the worldwide production from EOR projects was listed as 2.3 million b/d. The largest project in the world at the time of the 1998 Oil and Gas Journal report was a steam drive in the Duri field in Indonesia. The Duri steam drive was producing about 310,000 b/d in the first quarter of 1998. Total estimated recovery from the Duri field is expected to be nearly 2 billion barrels of oil. Canada continues to report significant EOR production of 400,000 b/d, while China and Russia have increased then-production to 280,000 and 200,000 b/d, respectively. 

Table VIII shows the average level of erucic acid in rapeseed from different areas of Western Canada. The trend toward higher values of erucic acid In rapeseed from northern and western areas is evident. Also, rapeseed from the Peace River region of Northern Alberta and British Columbia consistently has had erucic acid levels significantly higher than levels in seed from the rest of Western Canada. Farmers in this region of Canada continued to grow HEAR varieties for some time after farmers in the rest of Canada had converted to LEAR varieties.

Confederation of Independent States (CIS) are denoted as explored reserves and include proved, probable, and some possible gas. The data for Canada also include some probable reserves. The worldwide natural gas reserves have continued to increase as the demand for gas has increased and exploration efforts have expanded. In 1976, the world natural gas reserves were estimated to be 6.58 x 10. In 1987, the reserves were 1.06 x lO ", and by 1992... 

Japan, Canada, and the United States accounted for 70% of the 1995 estimated world production of 2000 t (Table 5). At least 100 t of selenium was also available to Western markets from the former Soviet bloc. Selenium production is expected to rise in South America, particularly Chile, as the copper industry continues rapid expansion. A considerable amount of unrefined selenium is also shipped to Chile and the Philippines for conversion to final commercial product by either hydrometaHurgical or distillation processes. 

Sales of salt for regenerating ion-exchange water softeners have grown steadily in the United States, particularly in terms of revenues. The U.S. salt industry is mature and sales are not likely to increase rapidly. The dry salt industry in the United States and Canada has undergone consoHdation during the 1990s. The number of producers has continued to decline as the major salt producers have acquired smaller operations. Table 6 shows the total amount, including salt in brine, of salt sold or used in the United States for the period 1990—1994. The amount of salt sold or used in the United States in 1994 by product type is (9) ... 

Development in Dadle Steelmaking and Continuous Casting, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1990. 

Pyrite is the most abundant of the metal sulfides. Eor many years, until the Erasch process was developed, pyrite was the main source of sulfur and, for much of the first half of the twentieth century, comprised over 50% of world sulfur production. Pyrite reserves are distributed throughout the world and known deposits have been mined in about 30 countries. Possibly the largest pyrite reserves in the world are located in southern Spain, Portugal, and the CIS. Large deposits are also in Canada, Cypms, Einland, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia. However, the three main regional producers of pyrites continue to be Western Europe Eastern Europe, including the CIS and China. 

In the United States calcium carbide-based acetylene is mainly used in the oxyacetylene welding market although some continues to be used for production of such chemicals as vinyl ethers and acetylenic alcohols. Calcium carbide is used extensively as a desulfurizing reagent in steel and ductile iron production allowing steel mills to use high sulfur coke without the penalty of excessive sulfur in the resultant steel (see Sulfurremoval and recovery). Calcium cyanamide production continues in Canada and Europe (see Cyanamides). 

The largest use for calcium carbide is in the production of acetylene for oxyacetylene welding and cutting. Companies producing compressed acetylene gas are located neat user plants to minimize freight costs on the gas cylinders. Some acetylene from carbide continues to compete with acetylene from petrochemical sources on a small scale. In Canada and other countries the production of calcium cyanamide from calcium carbide continues. More recentiy calcium carbide has found increased use as a desulfurizing reagent of blast-furnace metal for the production of steel and low sulfur nodular cast iron. 

The European philosophy on area classification varies from that of the United. States and Canada. Specifically, in Europe and most other inter national areas, the Zone concept is utilized. An area in which an expio sive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present for long perioiK of time, is referred to as Zone 0. The vapor space of a closed, but vented, process vessel or storage tank is an example. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operations is designated Zone 1. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is less likely to occur, and if it does occur will exist only for a short time, is designated Zone 2. Zone 0 and Zone 1 correspond to Division 1 in the U.S. and Canada System. Zone 2 is equivalent to Division 2. 

Dainty, E. E. and Lobay, G. 1991. An Investigation of Flame Arrester Continuous Burn Test Protocols. Tech. Rept. MRL-91-136, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Ottawa, Ontario (December 1991). 

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