Caloric regulation

As indicated above, wild rats do not always select calorically balanced diets, especially under laboratory conditions. In attempting to further understand caloric regulating and feeding systems of rats, Piquard et al. (4 have found that a 25% daily calorie glucose infusion into the rat s circulatory system via intracardiac catheter produced an 80% decrease in intake of glucose-treated food. Amino acid and lipid infusion produced decreases in intake of proteins, lipids, and glucids as well. 

Booth and Campbell ( ) found that insulin infusion into the circulatory system of rats produced increased food consumption but they could not show that infusions of fatty acids (the breakdown product of fats) had any effects on the food intake of albino rats. Campbell and Davis ( have shown that both duodenal and portal glucose influsions wTTl reduce licking rates for glucose solutions. Thus, at least for glucose, sweet taste palatability and subsequent caloric regulation may be controlled to some degree by chemorecep-tors in the liver. 

Wenzel (62) cautions researchers that domesticated and laboratory animals (albino rats, pigeons, and chickens) may be much less sensitive to taste and odor stimuli than are wild mammals and birds. For example, domestic chickens are able to compensate for reduced caloric content in their diet by drinking larger quantities of 10% sucrose in water solution. Normally, however, chickens are indifferent to sucrose. Kare and Mailer ( 2) found, on the other hand, that Red Jungle fowl tend to prefer sucrose solutions at all times and appear to be superior to the domestic chicken in caloric regulation. Likewise, there is some evidence ( that caloric regulation in wild rodents is usually superior to that demonstrated by laboratory rats. 

Homeostatic regulation of metabolic efficiency (i.e., caloric intake required to maintain body weight constant to maintain constant ratios of energy expenditure/ conservation). 

Medical nutrition therapy is recommended for all patients. For individuals with type 1 DM, the focus is on regulating insulin administration with a balanced diet to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. A meal plan that is moderate in carbohydrates and low in saturated fat, with a focus on balanced meals is recommended. In addition, patients with type 2 DM often require caloric restriction to promote weight loss. Bedtime and between-meal snacks are not usually needed if pharmacologic management is appropriate. 

Anderson, R. M., Barger, J. L., Edwards, M. G., Braun, K. H., O Conner, C. E., Prolla, T. A., and Weindruch, R. (2008). Dynamic regulation of PGC-lalpha localization and turnover implicates mitochondrial adaptation in caloric restriction and the stress response. Aging Cell 7,101-111. 

Sea animals are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with low caloric value. Polysaccharides from marine animals have been reported to possess biological activities with potential medicinal values in addition to their current status as a source of dietary fibers and prebiotics. Moreover, they have a lot of dietary fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol, and iodine, which improves metabolism, vascular and cardiac action, body temperature, and perspiration regulation, and are effective in... 

High dietary carbohydrate levels in the rat tend to have much the same effect as low dietary protein, decreasing such activities as aminopyrine A -demelhylase, pentobarbital hydroxy lation, and / -nitrobenzoic acid reduction along with a concomitant decrease in the enzymes of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. Because rats tend to regulate total caloric intake, this may actually reflect low-protein intake. 

Fats and oils have major roles in human nutrition. They are concentrated dietary sources of energy, providing approximately 9 kcal/g when metabolized compared with 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins, and account for about 36 percent of domestic caloric intake per capita.19 Dietary lipids also can provide essential molecular structures that are synthesized by the body into compounds required for selective functioning of cell membranes and regulation of life processes. 

Caloric Homeostasis A Means of Regulating Body Weight... 

Diet and exercise remain the primary considerations of diabetic patient management. Caloric restriction and weight loss are essential in the obese diabetic. These drugs are an adjunct to, not a substitute for, dietary regulation. In patients with Type-II diabetes who have few or no symptoms... 

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