Calibration station

The scale of compression vacuum gauges can be calculated from the geometric dimensions. This is why they were used in the past by official calibration stations as normal pressure (see equation 3.4.1a). 

Extruder drive (2) extruder (3) extruder head with die (4) blow and calibration station (5) blow mold in blow station (6) finished part (7) linkage to move the clamping mechanism and to shuttle the blow mold from the blow station to the extruder head (8) clamp, in tie barless construction (9) height adjustment for extruder and head... 

Salamatin, A. N., Lipenkov, V. Y., Barkov, N. I. et al. (1998). Ice core age dating and paleothermometer calibration based on isotope and temperature profiles from deep boreholes at Vostok Station (East Antarctica). /. Geophys. Res. 103(D8), 8963-8977. 

All equipment to be used at the field site should be calibrated at or near the field laboratory or field site prior to the application of the test substance (pesticide product). Most weather equipment will have been calibrated at the manufacturer and can be checked for functionality prior to the worker exposure/re-entry test by comparing weather readings from the nearest airport or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather reporting station with the weather readings compiled by the portable weather station. Hand-held weather instmments could also be checked with current weather reading from local airports or NOAA facilities. 

Fig. 13 Monthly observed and simulated streamflows on station Q071 (Ega en Estella, ID 090) during the calibration (1962-1983) and validation period (1984-1990). Observed values are represented by black dots and a continuous black line, whereas simulated values are represented by blue squares with a dotted blue line. Vertical red lines separate the warming-up, calibration and validation periods, respectively...

Simulation procedure 4 is basically a calibration of the sewer process model for aerobic microbial transformations as described in the matrix formulation (Table 5.3). Both the biofilm processes and the reaeration are included. Initial values for the components and process parameters for this simulation originate from the sample taken at the upstream sewer station. When simulated values of the downstream COD components are acceptable, i.e., approaching the corresponding measured values, the calibration procedure is successfully completed. The major model parameters to be included in the calibration process are those relevant for the biofilm, especially km and K. After calibration, the model is ready for a successive validation process and later use in practice. 

With the equipment calibrated and in good working order, it must be transported to the sampling site. This is no small task, when the luggage includes a rack of twelve VE s, tubing and belts for personnel sampling, a battery charging station for the person-... 

A report by the National Academy of Sciences Gxirdinating Committee on Air Quality Studies to the U.S. Senate concluded that available air monitoring data do not allow conclusions to be drawn about photochemical oxidant trends on a nation-wide basis. This report relied heavily on California data to illustrate trends, because so much information was available for that region. Maximal 1-h concentrations in the New Jersey cities of Bayonne and Newark were compared for 4-yr periods between 1%6 and 1973. These two cities exhibited 24% and 46% decreases, respectively. Emphasis was placed on differences in calibration procedure in various jurisdictions of air pollution control agencies. It is indicated that trend analysis for each station is still valid, despite the differences in calibration procedure. But values from different places must be compared cautiously. 

As a result of recent control activities, the downtown Los Angeles station has experienced successively lower oxidant concentrations, as shown in Figure 4-31. It should be noted that Riverside and San Bernardino Counties show great fluctuations in annual average oxidant concentrations, with Riverside actually having an increase. Again, it should be emphasized that differences in calibration methods from place to place will not affect the temporal trend analysis presented here. 

Chapter 6 covers most of the questions influencing data quality. At least three factors enter into the selection of data the instrumental technique used for measurement, the exposure of the station and the location of the sampling inlet, and the choice of standard calibration method. 

Most of the atmospheric oxidant and ozone data—as well as the experimentally determined exposure data for v tation, animals, and humans—have been obtained with analyzers that sample and record the ambient concentrations almost continuously during the period of observation. The response times are usually acceptable for fixed-station monitoring, because data describing hourly averages are sufficient. Faster responses are needed, however, for studying chemical reaction rates, retention on inhalation, sampling while in motion (as from aircraft), and expediting calibrations. The response times required are therefore a function of the resolution needed. 

Data are available back to 1963 from the downtown San Bernardino station operated by the county Air Pollution Control District (apcd). The colorimetric potassium io de method used to measure total oxidants was calibrated according to the method of the California Air Resources Board. A positive correction factor of 1.22 was used to adjust mountain data for the decreased air pressure at the higher elevation. 

It is apparent from the above that only very few catchment areas in alpine regions have access to runoff data. Consequently, regionalization procedures need to be developed and applied for the purpose of estimating runoff characteristics [42]. In turn, however, the value of such estimates depends on the runoff data available for calibrating these models. This gives rise to the same dilemma mentioned above in connection with mnoff measurement networks In alpine regions with few runoff measurement stations it will be difficult to develop effective regionalization approaches. 

The North Central Region, in addition to the Olsen method, uses the Bray and Kurtz P-1 test for phosphorus (Bray and Kurtz, 1945), which has proved to be well correlated with crop response to phosphate fertilizer on acid to neutral soils in the region. Each state experiment station has developed correlations and calibrations for the particular soil conditions within its own state, so field experience over a number of years or decades is necessary when deciding which methods to adopt. When bringing samples from remote sites back to the laboratory, it is therefore important to assess the nature of the soil at that site in order to choose the optimum method. If the same method has... 

Needle valve N4 allows a slow bleed of adsorbate to the out septum and then to a sample cell positioned at the outgassing station. The slow flow of gas through this part of the circuit provides a source of adsorbate for the purpose of signal calibration and as a purge for the outgassing station holding cell S2. 

Several European intensive short-term ( campaign-type ) projects have provided important information on the atmospheric aerosol properties in Europe, usually by concentrating on specific aerosol properties or interactions. However, these kinds of campaign-type measurements do not necessarily represent the seasonal or annual variations of the aerosol concentrations and can overestimate some properties of the aerosol populations. Long-term measurements, especially with intercalibrated instruments and common data handling and calibration protocols make the data comparison between stations much more reliable and provide the end users (e.g., atmospheric modelers) good datasets to compare with. 

The EUSAAR project of the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission is one of the steps towards a reliable and quality-controlled network of measurements [16]. The EUSAAR project improved and homogenized 20 European sites for measuring aerosol chemical, physical, and optical properties following a standardized protocol of instrument maintenance, measurement procedures, and data delivery in common format to a common database. EUSAAR also provided intercomparison and calibration workshops as well as training for the station operators. The work started in the EUSAAR is continued in ACTRIS infrastructure of the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission. 

Spencer, D.W., Robertson, D.E., Turekian, K.K. and Folsom, T.R. (1970) Trace element calibrations and profiles at the GEOSECS test station in the north-east Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 7688-7696. 

Periodic performance audits are required to validate the accuracy of the air-monitoring system. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires that performance audits be conducted at least once a year for criteria pollutant analyzers operated at state and local air monitoring stations (SLAMS). The EPA recommends that each analyzer be disconnected from the monitoring station manifold and be individually connected to the audit, from which it will receive the audit gas of known concentration. The audit gas concentrations are usually generated in a van, using a gas calibrator to dilute multiblend gases with zero air. 

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