Caldum

Caldum chloride test. Add CaCl2 solution to a neutrai solution of an oxalate a white precipitate of calcium oxalate is formed, insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in dil. HCl. 

Mthyl, n. borethyl (triethylborine). Borax-blei, n. lead borate, -eiaen, n. iron borate, -honig, m. borax honey, -kalk, m, caldum borate, -perle, /. borax bead, borazsauer, a. boraauer. 

Bor-kalk, m. caldum borate, -karbid, n. boron carbide. 

The next stage is to predpitate the soluble dtric add as insoluble caldum dtrate using caldum hydroxide. 

The answer is that the objective is to precipitate out all of the citric add as insoluble caldum dtrate. Magnesium dtrate is very soluble and would, therefore, be lost in the aqueous phase during the next separation. 

The insoluble caldum dtrate is dissolved in sulphuric add yielding soluble dtric add and insoluble caldum sulphate and other caldum salts. The solution is then evaporated, crystallised as necessary to purify it centrifuged, washed and dried this leaves purified dtric add. 

Fumaric acid can be produced in high yield by several genera of fungi, notably Aspergillus and Rhizopus, using glucose, com steep liquor and other substrates. Large amounts of caldum carbonate have to be added to neutralise the fumaric add. 

A simplified scheme is shown in Figure 5.10. The fermentation mixture is filtered to remove mycelium and suspended solids. The solution is treated with hot carbon and then filtered. During the process addification is necessary to reverse the neutralisation by caldum hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide employed during fermentation. 

Caldum gluconate is one of the relatively few soluble caldum salts and is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of caldum for patients with caldum defidency. Many drugs are supplied as the gluconate derivatives. Other gluconates such as iron gluconate can be used, in this case to treat iron defidency. 

The first culture technique, reported in 1927, to be attempted commercially was a surface-culture, shallow-pan technique, though this method has not been used for many years. Relatively soon after this, in 1933, production using a submerged culture technique was reported and this method has been in use continuously since then. Various significant developments have been made, notably the addition of caldum carbonate to neutralise the adds produced in order to increase yields (1937) and the use of sodium hydroxide for neutralisation (1952). 

Depending on which of the products, caldum gluconate, sodium gluconate or gluconic add (free add) is required, die fermentations have some basic differences. 

Either a spore suspension or mycelium can be used to inoculate the production vessel. The medium contains a maximum glucose concentration of 15%. The upper limit reflects the low solubility of caldum gluconate which is normally about 4% at 30°C, but it can form supersaturated solutions up to about 15% without risk of predpitation. 

Sterilised caldum carbonate slurry is added in increments to the sterilised medium to maintain pH. Addition of all die necessary caldum carbonate at the beginning of the process would irreversibly and adversely affect the inoculum. 

Hie two main differences between caldum gluconate and sodium gluconate production are that, in the latter, pH control is performed by addition of sodium hydroxide and the initial glucose concentration is different... 

Downstream processing to obtain caldum gluconate is different to that employed to obtain either sodium gluconate or the free gluconic add. 

Sometimes poor centrifugation behaviour of cells can be improved by adding flocculation agents. These agents neutralise the anionic charges (carboxyl and phosphate groups) on the surface of the microbial cells. Examples of flocculation agents are alum, caldum and ferric salts, tannic add etc. 

Predpitation of amino adds with salts, like ammonium and caldum salts, and with metals like zinc are also commonly used. This is followed by add (or alkali) treatment to obtain the free or acid form of tire amino acid. 

False. The reverse is true, because sodium gluconate is far more soluble than caldum gluconate high glucose concentrations can be used to produce higher production yields of sodium gluconate. 

FIGURE 41 -1. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of caldum ions across the cell membrane. When calcium channels are blocked by drug molecules, musde contraction is decreased, causing the smooth musdes of the arteries and arterioles to dilate. 

Fiscal softeners promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften the stool. One difference between emollient laxatives and fecal softeners is that the emollient laxatives do not promote the retention of water in the stool. Examples of fecal softeners include docusate sodium (Cblace)and docusate caldum (Surfak). 

Nickel, Co r and BeryiKain nitrates Caldum, Magnesiuni, Strontium and Barium chlorides S, 7]... 

This is composed of the sodium and ealeium salts of alginic add formed into a powder or fibrous material and sterilized by autoelaving. It aids clotting by forming a sodium-caldum alginate complex in contact with tissue fluids, acting principally as a mechanical haemostat. It is relatively slowly absorbed and some residues may occasionally remain in the tissues. 

Erp P van, Houba V and Beusichem M van (1998) One Hrmdredth Molar Caldum Chloride Extraction Procedure Part i. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 29 1603-1623. 

---