Calcium starch

Starch phosphates are useful in frozen foods where they impart good freeze-thaw stability and reduce retrogradation (Chapter 10.1). The stability of ice cream and other products can also be improved. Starch phosphates can be used as cheese emulsifiers [67] and phosphates incorporated into flour will improve its properties by reaction with the starch [68]. Calcium starch phosphates are claimed to be useful components of foods, animal feeds and pharmaceutical products [69]. 

Cereal starch contains -0.3% lysophospholipids (10.45c) which are closely associated with the amylose helices (10.26). It is used as a crumb softener in bread and it retards staling by forming a water barrier around the starch grains. Cereal starches can be phosphorylated and have other food uses (Section B). Starch phosphates are used in skin lotion formulations, and calcium starch phosphates can be used in foods and pharmaceutical products [29]. 

Millet Jelly Production. Starch powder is heated together with oxahc acid and hydrolyzed to produce millet jelly. Oxahc acid functions as a hydrolysis catalyst, and is removed from the product as calcium oxalate. This apphcation is carried out in Japan. 

In the EHE process, a starch slurry is prepared and calcium, as the chloride or hydroxide, is added as a cofactor to provide heat stabiUty to the enzyme. The starch slurry is passed through a stream injection heater and held at temperature for about one hour. The resulting 4—8 DE hydrolyzate is then subjected to a heat treatment in a hoi ding tube, redosed with enzyme, and allowed to react for one hour to a DE level of 10—15. 

ThermalLkjucfaction Process. In the thermal Hquefaction process (see Eig. 1), a starch slurry containing no enzyme or added calcium is heated for several minutes. The slurry is slightly acidic and sufficient acid Hquefaction is achieved to reduce viscosity. The hydrolyzate (at essentially zero DE) is flash-cooled to 95—100°C, a-amylase is added, and the pH is adjusted. The reaction then goes to completion. 

Industrial uses make up most of the market for cyanamide. Calcium cyanamide is used directly for steel nitridation (34) and to some extent for desulfurization (36) (see Steel). Cyanamide is used to produce cationic starch (36) and calcium cyanide. Cyanamide is, of course, the raw material for dicyandiamide and melamine. New uses include intermediates for pesticides, detergents (37), medicines such as antihistamines, hypertension, sedatives, contraceptives, etc (38), the photography industry (39), as an additive for fuels and lubricants, as a paper preservative, and as a cement additive. 

Type of dryer tions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. gents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. trifuged sobds, starch, etc. dry. Examples centrifuged precipitates, pigments, clay, cement. ores, potato strips, synthetic rubber. objects, rayon skeins, lumber. sheets. her sheets. 

Cellulose acetate Silica gel Scoured wool Sawdust Rayon waste Fluorspar Tapioca Breakfast food Asbestos fiber Cotton linters Rayon staple Starch Aluminum hydrate Kaolin Cryolite Lead arsenate Cornstarch Cellulose acetate Dye intermediates Calcium carbonate White lead Lithopone Titanium dioxide Magnesium carbonate Aluminum stearate Zinc stearate Lithopone Zinc yellow Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Soap flakes Soda ash Cornstarch Synthetic rubber... 

Filter aids should have low bulk density to minimize settling and aid good distribution on a filter-medium surface that may not be horizontal. They should also be porous and capable of forming a porous cake to minimize flow resistance, and they must be chemically inert to the filtrate. These characteristics are all found in the two most popular commercial filter aids diatomaceous silica (also called diatomite, or diatomaceous earth), which is an almost pure silica prepared from deposits of diatom skeletons and expanded perhte, particles of puffed lava that are principally aluminum alkali siheate. Cellulosic fibers (ground wood pulp) are sometimes used when siliceous materials cannot be used but are much more compressible. The use of other less effective aids (e.g., carbon and gypsum) may be justified in special cases. Sometimes a combination or carbon and diatomaceous silica permits adsorption in addition to filter-aid performance. Various other materials, such as salt, fine sand, starch, and precipitated calcium carbonate, are employed in specific industries where they represent either waste material or inexpensive alternatives to conventional filter aids. 

A subsequent patent, U.S. Patent 2,828,246 described a commercial process for bacitracin production. A 1,230 gallon portion of a medium containing 10% soybean oil meal, 2.50% starch and 0.50% calcium carbonate having a pH of 7.0 was inoculated with a culture of bacitracin-producing bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis group and the inoculated medium incubated for a period of 24 hours with aeration such that the superficial air velocity was 12.1. An assay of the nutrient medium following the fermentation revealed a yield of bacitracin amounting to 323 units/ml. This was more than twice the yields previously obtained. 

An inoculum broth is prepared having the following composition 32 pounds starch 32 pounds soybean meal 10 pounds corn steep solids 10 pounds sodium chloride 6 pounds calcium carbonate and 250 gallons water. 

In a 1,600-gallon iron tank is placed a fermentation broth having the following composition 153 pounds starch 153 pounds soybean meal 51 pounds corn steep solids 33 pounds calcium carbonate 51 pounds sodium chloride and 1,200 gallons water. 

The SF-837 strain, namely Streptomyces mycarofaciens identified as ATCC No. 21454 was inoculated to 60 liters of a liquid culture medium containing 2.5% seccharified starch, 4% soluble vegetable protein, 0.3% potassium chloride and 0.3% calcium carbonate at pH 7.0, and then stir-cultured in a jar-fermenter at 28°C for 35 hours under aeration. The resulting culture was filtered directly and the filter cake comprising the mycelium cake was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid. 

The Fermentation Process The process by which this antifungal substance is produced is an aerobic fermentation of an aquaous nutrient medium inoculated with a pimaricin-producing strain of Streptomycesgihrosporeus. The nutrient medium contains an assimilable source of carbon such as starch, molasses, or glycerol, an assimilable source of nitrogen such as corn steep liquor and Inorganic cations such as potassium, sodium or calcium, and anions such as sulfate, phosphate or chloride. Trace elements such as boron, molybdenum or copper are supplied as needed in the form of impurities by the other constituents of the medium. 

Sodium propionate is also often used as an antifungal agent. Calcium is often preferable to sodium, both to reduce sodium levels in the diet and because calcium ions are necessary for the enzyme a-amylase to act on the starches in bread, making them available for the yeast, and improving the texture of the bread. Stale bread is caused by the starch amylose recrystallizing. The enzyme a-amylase converts some of this starch to sugars, which helps prevent recrystallization. 

Calcium propionate is often preferred as an antifungal agent, to reduce sodium levels in the diet, but also because calcium ions are necessary for the enzyme a-amylase to act on the starches in bread,... 

Pregelatinized starch Hydroxypropyl cellulose Calcium phosphate... 

Primary and secondary amines and amides are first chlorinated at nitrogen by the chlorine released by the gradually decomposing calcium hypochlorite. Excess chlorine gas is then selectively reduced in the TLC layer by gaseous formaldehyde. The reactive chloramines produced in the chromatogram zones then oxidize iodide to iodine, which reacts with the starch to yield an intense blue iodine-starch inclusion complex. 

Calcium Hypochlorite-Formaldehyde-Potassium lodide/Starch/... 

---