Calcium chloride production

Occurrence. Brines are the main commercial source of calcium chloride [10043-52 ]. Some brines of Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Utah, and California contain over 4% calcium (27). Michigan is the leading state ia natural calcium chloride production with California a distant second. 

Calcium chloride product (< 1 ppm lead), which may be used as thaw salt or for other purposes... 

U.S. imports for consumption, 4 563t water treatment compound for aquaculture in U.S., 3 213t Calcium chloride dihydrate, physical properties of, 4 5571 Calcium chloride hexahydrate, physical properties of, 4 557t Calcium chloride monohydrate, physical properties of, 4 557t Calcium chloride production, use of aqueous hydrochloric acid in,... 

Two such industrial applications, developed and implemented in Israel, are (1) potassium nitrate (and hydrochloric acid) production from potassium chloride and nitric acid and (2) phosphoric acid (and calcium chloride) production from phosphate rock and hydrochloric acid. 

In prior years, some of the Bristol Lake calcium chloride product was converted at Amboy to a 75-78% CaCl2 flake by the HiU Brothers Chemical Co. The concentrated brine from the ponds was sent to open-pan evaporators where it was first heated to 132°C and then evaporated at 171 - 177°C to the desired concentration (Fig. 2.53). This very viscous solution was next spread on chilled rolls to be cooled and solidified into thin sheets, which were scraped from the rolls and ground to the desired particle size. The flaked product was then sent to turbo dryers, from there cooled and packaged in plastic-lined, air-tight bags, and shipped to their customers. 

The U.S. Bureau of Mines stopped compUing statistics on U.S. calcium chloride production and consumption in 1991, and the average price and net (price) realization by the producers in 1984. Since they were the principal source for this information, the marketing data for calcimn chloride after those years have become much less accurate and quite scattered. Different sources have made quite different estimates for each of the statistical numbers, so average values have often... 

Typical Calcium Chloride Product Specifications" (wt.%) (Maximum Limits Unless Otherwise Specified)... 

Asahi Glass Co. (1982). Corrosion Protection in Flaked Calcium Chloride Production. Japanese Patent... 

Wang, R. (1998). Scaling and Treatment of Evaporators in Calcium Chloride Production. Wujiyan Gongye 30(5), 25-26. 

Zhukov, V. R., Rusanova, T. G., and Kulagina, O. N. (1981). Hygroscopicity of Sodium Chlmide Obtained During Calcium Chloride Production. Deposited Doc., 10 SPSTL khp-D81. 

Dow Chemical. (2002, 2001, 2000-1997, 1980). Calcium Chloride. Product Iirformation Brochures, Specific Product Application Brochures, pp. 4-16. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, (including Gas Dehydration with Peladow DG Calcium Chloride, pp. 36). 

Dow. (2001). Calcium Chloride Handbook and Product InformatiotL Information Sheets on Various Calcium Chloride Products, pp. 2 28, Dow Chemical Co. 

The ammonia gas is used again and the only by-product, calcium chloride, is used to melt snow, prevent freezing of coal in transit and as an antidust treatment since it is hygroscopic and forms a solution of low freezing point. 

During this period hydrogen chloride continues to be liberally evolved, and the product darkens considerably in colour. Now pour the product cautiously into 500 ml. of dilute hydrochloric acid and 100 g. of chipped ice in a separating-funnel, and shake the mixture thoroughly this operation removes the dark colour, and the toluene solution becomes yellow. Run off the lower acid layer, and extract the toluene three times with water. Finally dry the toluene solution over calcium chloride. 

The industrial process for preparing the reagent usually permits a little hydrolysis to occur, and the product may contain a little free calcium hydroxide or basic chloride. It cannot therefore be employed for drying acids or acidic liquids. Calcium chloride combines with alcohols, phenols, amines, amino-acids, amides, ketones, and some aldehydes and esters, and thus cannot be used with these classes of compounds. 

Di-teo-propyl ether. The commercial product usually contains appreciable quantities of peroxides these should be removed by treatment with an acidified solution of a ferrous salt or with a solution of sodium sulphite (see under Diethyl ether). The ether is then dried with anhydrous calcium chloride and distilled. Pure di-iao-propyl ether has b.p. 68-5°/760 mm. 

Nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene, of analytical reagent quality, is satisfactory for most purposes. The technical product may contain dinitrobenzene and other impurities, whilst the recovered solvent may be contaminated with aniline. Most of the impurities may be removed by steam distillation after the addition of dilute sulphuric acid the nitrobenzene in the distillate is separated, dried with calcium chloride and distilled. The pure substance has b.p. 210°/760 mm. and m.p. 5 -7°. 

In a 1500 ml. round-bottomed flask, carrying a reflux condenser, place 100 g. of pure cydohexanol, 250 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 80 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride heat the mixture on a boiling water bath for 10 hours with occasional shaking (1). Some hydrogen chloride is evolved, consequently the preparation should be conducted in the fume cupboard. Separate the upper layer from the cold reaction product, wash it successively with saturated salt solution, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, saturated salt solution, and dry the crude cycZohexyl chloride with excess of anhydrous calcium chloride for at least 24 hours. Distil from a 150 ml. Claisen flask with fractionating side arm, and collect the pure product at 141-5-142-5°. The yield is 90 g. 

In a 1-litre three-necked flask, fitted with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser and a thermometer, place 200 g. of iodoform and half of a sodium arsenite solution, prepared from 54-5 g. of A.R. arsenious oxide, 107 g. of A.R. sodium hydroxide and 520 ml. of water. Start the stirrer and heat the flask until the thermometer reads 60-65° maintain the mixture at this temperature during the whole reaction (1). Run in the remainder of the sodium arsenite solution during the course of 15 minutes, and keep the reaction mixture at 60-65° for 1 hour in order to complete the reaction. AUow to cool to about 40-45° (2) and filter with suction from the small amount of solid impurities. Separate the lower layer from the filtrate, dry it with anhydrous calcium chloride, and distil the crude methylene iodide (131 g. this crude product is satisfactory for most purposes) under diminished pressure. Practically all passes over as a light straw-coloured (sometimes brown) liquid at 80°/25 mm. it melts at 6°. Some of the colour may be removed by shaking with silver powder. The small dark residue in the flask solidifies on cooling. 

Dissolve 57 g. of dry malonic acid in 92 5 ml. of dry P3rridine contained in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask, cool the solution in ice, and add 57 g. (70 ml.) of freshly distilled n-heptaldehyde (oenanthol) with stirring or vigorous shaking. After a part of the aldehyde has been added, the mixture rapidly seta to a mass of crystals. Insert a cotton wool (or calcium chloride) tube into the mouth of the flask and allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 60 hours with frequent shaking. Finally, warm the mixture on a water bath until the evolution of carbon dioxide ceases (about 8 hours) and then pour into an equal volume of water. Separate the oily layer and shake it with 150 ml. of 25 per cent hydrochloric acid to remove pyridine. Dissolve the product in benzene, wash with water, dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil under reduced pressure. Collect the ap-nonenoic acid at 130-13272 mm. The yield is 62 g. 

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