Calcium chloride markets

Ironically, the calcium chloride market is still seen to be a major outlet for other converted waste streams. Hydrogen chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid, constitutes one of the major waste streams in the chemical industry. Much of this has been dumped in the past, most of it via neutralisation with slaked lime. The calcium chloride solution produced has generally not been processed for use elsewhere. A company in USA has recently commissioned a unit to make commercial grade calcium chloride from its waste hydrochloric acid streams [13]. The plant at Wichita, Kansas is estimated to reduce total plant emissions 90% by 1995 when compared to the 1987 levels. Achievement of this reduction has clearly generated a saleable byproduct enhancing the whole process economics at the same time. 

Hbls Process. Chemische Werke Huls AG has developed a process to produce soda ash and hydrochloric acid from salt via an amine—solvent system (12). A potential advantage of the Huls process is that, under some market conditions, hydrochloric acid may be more easily sold than either ammonium or calcium chloride. 

Technora. In 1985, Teijin Ltd. introduced Technora fiber, previously known as HM-50, into the high performance fiber market. Technora is based on the 1 1 copolyterephthalamide of 3,4 -diaminodiphenyl ether and/ -phenylenediamine (8). Technora is a whoUy aromatic copolyamide of PPT, modified with a crankshaft-shaped comonomer, which results in the formation of isotropic solutions that then become anisotropic during the shear alignment during spinning. The polymer is synthesized by the low temperature polymerization of/ -phenylenediamine, 3,4 -diaminophenyl ether, and terephthaloyl chloride in an amide solvent containing a small amount of an alkaU salt. Calcium chloride or lithium chloride is used as the alkaU salt. The solvents used are hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), A/-methyl-2-pyrrohdinone (NMP), and dimethyl acetamide (DMAc). The stmcture of Technora is as follows ... 

The calcium lake of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone is marketed as Pigment Red 83, 58000 1. It is produced commercially by treating a slightly basic alizarin solution with aqueous calcium chloride. 

Deicing. All forms of calcium chloride are used in conjunction with other products to deice pavement, driveways, and sidewalks. Anhydrous, 94—97 wt % calcium chloride pellets and 77—80 wt % calcium chloride flakes are used for highway deicing and in institutional and consumer markets. Calcium chloride solutions of 28—32 wt % concentration are used for prewetting rock salt or abrasives such as sand or cinders before spreading on highways. Solutions of 42—45 wt % concentration are also used to pretreat stockpiles of these materials. Calcium chloride is the deicer of choice for use at... 

The best non-chloride admixture to date appears to be calcium nitrite marketed as a 20% solids solution, it can be readily added to the mix using the usual dispensers. The admixture has therefore been more readily accepted by the ready-mixed concrete industry than the formate-based admixture. Strength development effects produced in concrete are reported to be comparable to those obtained with calcium chloride [40], Table 7.12 shows a comparison of the results for concrete containing calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, and no admixture. In addition to the improvements in both compressive and tensile strengths, calcium nitrite is an effective inhibitor of chloride-induced corrosion. The material is now finding wide acceptance in bridge and parking deck repair. Other non-chloride accelerators used in Russia and special applications include the alkali-metal carbonates (Na CO, K CO, LiCO ). 

Pot inhalation treatment of respiratory diseases a pharmaceutical DNase I aerosol Is on the market Pulmozyme is a sterile solution for respiratory use at a concentration of 1000 Genentech UnitafaiL [22]. It contains 1 mg/mL rhDNasc, sodium chloride as a tonicity modifier, calcium chloride as a stabilizer, and water for injection. Since deamidation is mnid at hirit nH and anaenation ncoin at low... 

Calcium chloride is both hygroscopic and deliquescent. Thus, solid material will absorb moisture from the air or snow and ice until it dissolves, and the solution will continue to absorb moisture until an equilibrium is reached between the vapor pressure of the solution and that of the air. At 95 percent relative humidity, one pound of anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb 17.3 lb of water. The ability of calcium chloride to absorb moisture makes it useful in many construction, commercial, and industrial applications. Table 26.13 gives the market distribution of calcium chloride.47 U.S. demand for calcium chloride in 2000 was 1.3 million tons. 

To minimize hydrolysis of the propylene oxide (b.p. 34.2°C) as it is formed, it is flashed (rapidly removed) from the reactive lime slurry. Yields of propylene oxide are 75% or better based on propylene. The advantage of the chlorohydrin route to propylene oxide over the two hydroperoxidation processes is that it yields essentially a single product to market. The disadvantage is the large quantities of coproduced aqueous calcium chloride that has to be discarded safely. The small amount of by-product 1,2-dichloropropane may be pyrolyzed to allyl chloride, useful for the preparation of allyl monomers, allyl alcohol, and allylamines. Or it may be blended with 1,3-dichloropropene to produce an effective soil fumigant. 

In the early 1960s one of the first commercial products Terra Firma (Intrusion-Prepakt, Cleveland) was marketed in the United States and abroad. The patent covering this product [11] defines a calcium lignin sulfonate with reduced sugar content, sodium dichromate and aluminum sulfate catalysts, and copper sulfate and calcium chloride accelerators. The product was marketed as a dry, precatalyzed powder. It was mixed with water in varying proportions for field use. Water content was the only... 

For measurement of phosphatidylcholine in serum the samples were preincubated with 0.2-0.5 U phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) in the presence of Triton X-100 and calcium chloride (Mascini et al. 1986 Campa-nella et al., 1988). The liberated choline was assayed by means of the choline oxidase sensor. To assay lecithin in foodstuff the samples were extracted with ethanol and diluted with buffer. In the LCA 400 Lipid Analyzer of Toyo Jozo (Japan) the same principle is used for serum samples. However, this device appears not to be suitable for routine application and has been withdrawn from the market. 

For inhalation treatment of respiratory diseases, a pharmaceutical DNase I aerosol is on the market. Pulmozyme is a sterile solution for respiratory use at a concentration of 1000 Genentech Units/mL [22]. It contains 1 mg/mL rhDNase, sodium chloride as a tonicity modifier, calcium chloride as a stabilizer, and water for injection. Since deamidation is rapid at high pH and aggregation occurs at low pH, a nearly neutral solution (pH 6.3) is required. It is administered by means of a compressed air-driven nebulizer. Each 2.5-mL single-unit ampule will deliver 2.5 mg of rhDNase to the nebulizer chamber. The efficacy of DNase inhalation therapy largely depends on the aerosol quality and characteristics, which determine the respirable fraction. Significant differences were found between the different aerosol drug-delivery systems [68,81]. 

Alternatives to Sulfites. To meet the needs of the food industry for alternatives to sulfites, a number of browning inhibitor formulations have been marketed. These products are mostly combinations of AA, EA, or their sodium salts with such adjuncts as citric acid, sodium or calcium chloride, phosphates, cysteine and potassium sorbate (23-29). Commercial browning inhibitor formulations vary widely both in AA or EA content and in recommended use levels (Sapers, G. M., Eastern Regional Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, unpublished data). These sulfite substitutes are considered to be less effective than sulfites because they do not penetrate as well into the cellular matrix (11). Furthermore, AA is easily oxidized by endogenous enzymes (18) or by autoxidation, and in the course of its intended role as a browning inhibitor, may fall into a concentration range where it exerts pro-oxidant effects (30). To enhance their effectiveness, the sulfite substitutes may be used in conjunction with modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging (29,31). 

The alginic acidic route does not require calcium chloride however more quantities of HCl and ethanol are necessaries in comparison with the calcium alginate route, being the last one less expensive (the cost of the reagents can vary according to market fluctuations and influence the final cost of the method applied for this reason, this observation should be considered as a reference). Another... 

The calcium chloride liquor can sometimes be sold but may have to be discarded in the absence of suitable markets. 

The calcium hydroxide byproduct is traditionally converted to calcium chloride for which there is a market. However, a significant market is developing for precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) in several industries. Demand in the US paper industry for PCC is projected to rise to 1.8 million tonnes per annum by 1996, up from only 175 000 tonnes in 1974. Use in the plastics, adhesives, paints and coatings industries is also increasing dramatically. The first acetylene plant producing PCC has recently been successfully commissioned in Dessau, Germany [18]. 

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