Bone acceleration

Clinically, GM-CSF or G-CSF have been used to accelerate recovery after chemotherapy and total body or extended field irradiation, situations that cause neutropenia and decreased platelets, and possibly lead to fatal septic infection or diffuse hemorrhage, respectively. G-CSF and GM-CSF reproducibly decrease the period of granulocytopenia, the number of infectious episodes, and the length of hospitalization in such patients (152), although it is not clear that dose escalation of the cytotoxic agent and increased cure rate can be rehably achieved. One aspect of the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF is that these agents can activate mature cells to function more efficiently. This may, however, also lead to the production of cytokines, such as TNF- a, that have some toxic side effects. In general, both cytokines are reasonably well tolerated. The side effect profile of G-CSF is more favorable than that of GM-CSF. Medullary bone pain is the only common toxicity. 

Rose, R. M., Schiller, A. L. and Radin, E. L., Corrosion-Accelerated Mechanical Failure of a Vitallium Nail-Plate , Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 54A, 854-862 (1972)... 

Chitosan membranes can also be superficially modified, for instance with 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane. Silanol groups and calcium salt acted as nucleation sites and accelerator, respectively, for the formation of apatite crystals therefore, this chitosan membrane is a bioactive guided bone-regeneration material thanks to its apatite-forming ability [341]. 

Gillespie, R., Hedges, R.E.M. and Wand, J.O. 1984 Radiocarbon dating of bone by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 11 165-170. 

In the 1930s, Bone et al. [15] using rotating mirror camera observed the action of shock waves propagating into the unburnt mixture ahead of the accelerating flame, and postulated that the detonation wave was initiated as a result of preignition of the shock-compressed mixture. 

Pediatric patients are also at higher risk for IBD-associated bone demineralization, which is accelerated by the use of systemic corticosteroids. 

Caffeine did not have adverse effect in subjects with adequate calcium intakes near or above 800 mg/d, although daily caffeine intake a2-3 servings of brewed coffee may accelerate bone loss from the spine and total body in women with a low calcium intake. 

G-CSF and GM-CSF have also found application after allogenic or autologous bone marrow transplantation, to accelerate neutrophil recovery. (Allogenic means that donor and recipient are different individuals, and autologous means that donor and recipient are the same.)... 

Age-related osteoporosis occurs mainly because of hormone, calcium, and vitamin D deficiencies leading to accelerated bone turnover and reduced osteoblast formation. 

Long-term morbidity associated with menopause includes accelerated bone loss and osteoporosis (see Chap. 3 Osteoporosis ). 

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