Cadmium toxicology

Cadmium occurs naturally as sulfide co-deposited with zinc, copper, and lead sulfides. It is produced as a by-product in above-mentioned metal processing. Similar to lead and mercury, this heavy metal has no known biological functions in living organisms, and accordingly its accumulation in food and water leads to undesirable consequences to biota. Cadmium toxicology is related to dangerous influence to CNS and excretion systems, firstly, on kidney. 

Tohyama C, Shaikh ZA, Nogawa K, Kobayashi E, Honda R. Elevated urinary excretion of metallothionein to environmental cadmium.Toxicology 1981 20 289-297. 

Robarbs, K. Worsfold, P. (1991) Cadmium toxicology and analysis. A review. Analyst 116, 549-68. 

Bernard A, Lauwerys R, Gengoux P, Mahieu P, Foidart JM, Druet P, Weening JJ (1984) Anti-laminin antibodies in Sprague-Dawley and Brown Norway rats chronically exposed to cadmium. Toxicology, 31 307-313. 

In addition, periodic review articles are published in the Analyst and Pure and Applied Chemistry, as well as in other sources, oriented either to technique, analyte or material. Examples are Robards and Wors-fold (1991) Cadmium toxicology and analysis, A review. Analyst (London) Schuller and Egan (1976) (a review of methods of trace analysis and sampling with special reference to food for the determination of cadmium, lead, mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) compounds, FAO publication) and... 

Lauwerys R, Roels H, Buchet JP, Bernard A (1981a) Cadmium toxicology general overview. In European toxicology, forum, Geneva, April 6-9 1981. Toxicology Forum Inc, Washington DC (USA), pp. 366-373... 

Chan HM, Cherian MG (1992) Protective roles of metallothionein and glutathione in hepatotoxicity of cadmium. Toxicology 72 281-290... 

Berg JW, Burbank F (1972) Correlations between carcinogenic trace metals in the water supplies and cancer mortality. Ann NY Acad Sci 199 249-264 Bernard A, Lauwerys R (1986) Effects of cadmium exposure in man. In Foulkes EC (ed) Cadmium toxicology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 135-177 (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 80)... 

Toxicological Profle for Cadmium, U.S. Dept. Commerce, NTIS, Washington, D.C., Mar. 1989. 

Shukla, O.P., Dubey, S., and Rai, U.N., Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium Toxicity in Bacopa monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 252-257, 2007. 

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army s Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)... 

Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Washington, DC Government Printing Office, July 1999. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). 1993. Toxicological profile for cadmium. Update. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry TP-92/06. 182 pp. 

Stacey, N.H., K-L.Wong, and C.D. Klaassen. 1983. Protective effects of chromium on the toxicity of cadmium in vivo. Toxicology 28 147-153. 

Eisler, R. and G.R. Gardner. 1973. Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper and zinc salts. Jour. Fish Biol. 5 131-142. 

Zou, E. and S. Bu. 1994. Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to the water flea, Moina irrasa (Cladocera). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology 52 742-748. 

Evans, D.H., K.E. Weingarten, and J.S. Walton. 1990. The effect of atropine on cadmium- and nickel-induced constriction of vascular smooth muscle of the dogfish shark ventral aorta. Toxicology 62 89-94. 

Kaji, T., R. Kawatani, M. Takata, T. Hoshino, T. Miyahara, H. Konzuka, and F. Koizumi. 1988. The effects of cadmium, copper or zinc on formation of embryonic chick bone in tissue culture. Toxicology 50 303-316. 

Toxicological studies on direct food additives have revealed toxic and harmful actions. Food dyes and preservatives have been used since ancient Roman times to improve the color of wine or to disinfect wine containers. The development of chemistry led to many unwise experiments, such as the dying of food with copper, chrome, lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium salts. In the U.S. in 1906, over 300 food dyes were officially tested, of which only seven passed and were allowed to be used in food. Only two of them - erythrosine and idigotine - are permitted now. The lists of preservatives are also constantly modified in different countries. Quite recently, formic acid, which is used to preserve semi-products, was banned in Poland due to its deleterious effects. 

Friberg, L. Blinder, C.G., Kjellstrom, T. and Nordberg, G. (1986). Cadmium and Health A Toxicological Appraisal. Vol. II. Ejfects and Response, CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

Odendaal, J.P. andReinecke, A.J. Short-term toxicological effects of cadmium on the woodlouse, Porcelllo laecls (Crustacea,... 

Toxicology. Cadmium oxide fume is a severe pulmonary irritant cadmium dust also is a pulmonary irritant, but it is less potent than cadmium fume because it has a larger particle size. Chronic exposure is associated with nephrotoxicity. Several inorganic cadmium compounds cause malignant tumors in animals. 

It should be noted that the use of certain inorganic pigments, especially those derived from cadmium derivatives and lead chromates, pose considerable toxicological risks and their use is now subject to legislation in most countries. 

Because of their brilliant pure red and yellow shades cadmium pigments, e.g. Cl Pigment Red 108, CdS-xCdSe, have found widespread use in the coloration of plastics, but toxicological problems have led to restrictions on their use and to the introduction of safer replacement products. 

Ankley GT, Phipps GL, Leonard EN, et al. 1991. Acid-volatile sulfide as a factor mediating cadmium and nickel bioavailability in contaminated sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10 1299-1307. 

Jasim S, Tjalve H. 1986a. Effects of sodium pyridimethione on the uptake and distribution of nickel, cadmium and zinc in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Toxicology 38 327-350. 

Richard H. M., Eertman, Wouter Zurburg, Cor A. Schipper, Ben Sandee and Aad C. Smaal, (1996). Effects of PCB 126 and cadmium on the anaerobic metabolism of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology Volume 113, Issue 2,261-212. 

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