Cadmium environmental chemistry

The term heavy metal in environmental chemistry has traditionally been used to describe certain elements and compounds that are hazardous to the health of humans and other animals. Some elements included in this definition are arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. 

Sildanchandra, W. and Crane, M. (2000) Influence of sexual dimorphism in Chironomus riparius Meigen on toxic effects of cadmium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (9), 2309-2313. 

Merian E. 1984. Introduction on environmental chemistry and global cycles of chromium, nickel, cobalt, beryllium, arsenic, cadmium and selenium, and their derivatives. Toxicol Environ Chem 8 9-38. 

Fukushima M. Environmental pollution by cadmium and its health effects an epidemiological approach to the itai-itai"disease. In New methods in environmental chemistry and toxicology. Coulston F, Koprte F, Goto M (editors). International Academic Printing Co,Tokyo 1973 p. 231-252. 

The most definitive assessment of the metal composition of metalloproteins comes from the application of element-specific detection methods. CE-ICP-MS provides information not only about the type and quantity of individual metals bound to the proteins but also about the isotopes of each element as well [11,12]. Elemental speciation has become increasingly important to the areas of toxicology and environmental chemistry. Such analytical capability also opens up important possibilities for trace element metabolism studies. Figure 1 depicts the separation of rabbit liver metallothionein containing zinc, copper, and cadmium (the predominant metal) using CE-ICP-MS with a high-sensitivity, direct injection nebulizer (DIN) interface. UV detection (200 nm) was used to monitor the efficiency of the CE separation of the protein isoforms (MT-1 and MT-2), whereas ICP-MS detection made it possible to detect and quantify specific zinc, copper (not shown), and cadmium isotopes associated with the individual isoform peaks. 

Meeian E (1985) Introduction on Environmental Chemistry and Global Cycles of Chromium, Nickel, Cobalt, Beryllium, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Selenium. In Merian E, Erei RW, Haerdi W and Schlatter C, eds. Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Compounds, pp. 25-32. Gordon Breach, London. 

Forstner, U., 1980. Cadmium. In Huntzinger, O. (Ed.), Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 3A. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 59-107. 

Khalid, R. A., R. P. Gambrell, and W. H. Patrick, Jr. 1978. Chemical transformations of cadmium and zinc in Mississippi River sediments as influenced by pH and redox potential. In D. C. Adriano and I. L. Brisbin, Jr. (eds.) Environmental Chemistry and Cycling Processes. Department of Energy, Symp. Ser. 45 417-433. Tech. Info. Center, U.S. Department of Energy. Proc. 2nd Mineral Cycling Symp., May 1, 1976. 

Bernard A and Lauwerys R. (1990). Early markers of cadmium nephrotoxicity Biological significance and predictive value. Toxocological and Environmental Chemistry, 27, 65-72. 

The aim of this chapter is to provide details of a new class of nanosensor based on mesoporous silica monoliths with cage-like pores as carriers. Comprehensive up-to-date information is provided regarding the environmental chemistry and toxicity of mercury, antimony, cadmium and lead, in the quest to design simple, eco-friendly and smart sensing systems. A critical review of the literature is also provided in terms of the chemical toxicity of mercury, antimony, cadmium and lead, and their treatments with different processes and under varying environmental condihons. 

The importance of toxic elements in environmental chemistry is rarely questioned, but a relatively small number of elements (mercury, lead, and cadmium) have received a large share of researchers attention. The environmental chemistry of the transition metals, e.g., chromium, nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper, etc., has also been investigated principally because of their roles in metabolism, especially enzymatic processes. However, two non-metals, arsenic and selenium, and two metals, beryllium and vanadium, are elements which will become more significant in the future from environmental and toxicological points of view. Arsenic and selenium have been investigated, but much more work is needed because of the importance of these two elements in the environment. The author considers beryllium and vanadium to be problem metals of the future . The primary exposure route for both beryllium and vanadium is via the atmosphere and as lower environmental standards are imposed, more uses are found for each element, and more fossil fuels (source of V) are burned, the amounts added to the atmosphere will have more significance. 

Ankley GT, Phipps GL, Leonard EN, et al. 1991. Acid-volatile sulfide as a factor mediating cadmium and nickel bioavailability in contaminated sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10 1299-1307. 

The sealed nickel-metal hydride cell (more consistently metal hydride-nickel oxide cell) has a similar chemistry to the longer-established hydro-gen-nickel oxide cell considered in Chapter 9. In most respects (including OCV and performance characteristics), it is very similar to the sealed nickel-cadmium cell, but with hydrogen absorbed in a metal alloy as the active negative material in place of cadmium. The replacement of cadmium not only increases the energy density, but also produces a more environmentally friendly power source with less severe disposal problems. The nickel-metal hydride cell, however, has lower rate capability, poorer charge retention and is less tolerant of overcharge than the nickel-cadmium cell. 

Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T.W. and Ingersoll, C.G. (2003) Effects of organic amendments on the toxicity and bioavailability of cadmium and copper in spiked formulated sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22 (4), 805-815. 

Brent, R.N. and Herricks, E.E. (1998) Postexposure effects of brief cadmium, zinc, and phenol exposures on freshwater organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (10), 2091-2099. 

Gillis, P.L., Diener, L.C., Reynoldson, T.B. and Dixon, D.G. (2002) Cadmium-induced production of a metallothioneinlike protein in Tubifex tubifex (oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (diptera) correlation with reproduction and growth, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 (9), 1836-1844. 

Di Toro, D.M., Mahony, J.D., Hansen, D.J., Scott, K.J., Carison, A.R. and Ankley, G.T. (1992) Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, 96-101. 

Hare, L., Tessier, A. and Warren, L. (2001) Cadmium accumulation by invertebrates living at the sediment-water interface, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 880-889. 

Kltittgen B., Ratte H.T. (1994) Effects of different food doses on cadmium toxicity to Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(10) 1619-1627. 

Schlekat, C. E., Decho, A. W. Chandler, G. T. (1998). Sorption of cadmium to bacterial extracellular polymeric sediment coatings under estuarine conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 1867—74. 

Yu, M.H. 1991. Effects of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium on growth and soluble sugars in germinating mung bean seeds. Abstracts of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Seattle, WA, p. 169. 

How much lead is in your municipal drinking water Is platinum present in the urine of a chemotherapy patient Can plants purify water through cadmium uptake Can the amount and location of zinc ions be detected in neurons The detection of trace amounts of metal ions is a central analytical method in environmental and biological chemistry. Often, a reagent that can coordinate to a metal ion of interest is added to a sample solution and the resulting metal complex is detected using analytical instrumentation. Electrochemical and fluorescence detection are two of the most sensitive methods. 

Berger, B., Dallinger, R. and Thomaser, A. (1995) Quantification of metallothionein as a biomarker for cadmium exposure in terrestrial gastropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, 781-791. 

Lock, K., Janssen, C.R. and de Coen, W.M. (2000) Multivariate test designs to asses the influence of zinc and cadmium bioavailability in soils on the toxicity to Enchytraeus albidus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 2666 - 2671. 

Spurgeon, D.J., Svendsen, C., Weeks, J.M., Hankard, P.K., Stubberud, H.E. and Kammenga, J.E. (2003) Quantifying copper and cadmium impacts on intrinsic rate of population increase in the terrestrial oligochaete Lumbricus rubellus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 1465-1472. 

Janusz, W. and Matysek, M., Co-adsorption of the low molecular carboxylic acids and cadmium ions at the metal oxide/electrolyte interface, in Surface Chemistry in Biomedical and Environmental Science, Blitz, J.P. and Gunko, V.M., eds.. Springer, Berlin, 2006, p. 383. 

Coloured papers are especially complex in their retention chemistry. They need also to be of certain levels of opacity, so they include titanium dioxide as well. The colour formulations in modem decorative laminates tend now to be very complex. Historically one of the main sources of coloured pigmentation was from materials derived from heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. However, more environmentally acceptable alternatives were sought in the 1980s, and all the major decorative laminate paper producers are following the lead taken by a British papermaker, who had completely replaced these pigments with organic alternatives by about 1985. (See the entries on Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics, and Pigments for plastics, for further information on related issues.)... 

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