Hydroxy butyrate

An example of isodimorphism, and the related crystallization kinetics, is typified by the random copolymers of 3-hydroxy butyrate-3-hydroxy valerate.(82) The melting temperature-composition relation of this copolymer was given in Fig. 5.17 (Volume 1). For this copolymer, depending on the composition, either of the comonomers can co-crystallize in the other s lattice. When the concentration of the 3-hydroxy butyrate is less than 40 mol percent, crystallization occurs in the poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) lattice. When its concentration is greater than 40 mol percent, crystallization takes place in the poly(3-hydroxy valerate) lattice. The copolymer that contains 41 mol percent of 3-hydroxy valerate reflects the coexistence of both crystal phases and corresponds to a pseudo-eutectic composition. 

Fig. 10.35 Plot of log spherulite growth rate maxima against mol percent 3-hydroxy valerate for random copolymers of 3-hydroxy butyrate-3 hydroxy valerate. (From Scandola et al. (82))...

Throughout the 1990s a large portion of the research and development effort for hot melt adhesives focused on developing adhesives that are either environmentally friendly or functional [69,81,82]. Environmentally friendly attributes include biodegradability, water dispersibility (repulpability), renewability, and water releasability. Biodegradable adhesives have been developed based on starch esters [83-86] and polyesters such as poly (hydroxy butyrate/hydroxy valerate) [87], poly(lactide) [88-91], and poly(hydroxy ether esters) [92-94]. All but the... 

Content Content Content Degree of Esterification (DS) (%) (%) (%) Acetyl Butyrate Hydroxy... 

Oxalate, glycolate, malonate, pyruvate, formate, suberate, malate, acetate, succinate, glyoxylate, phthalate, lactate, methanesulfonate, propionate, glutarate, benzoate in 8.5 min Chloride, nitrate, sulfate, formate, fumarate, malonate, succinate, maleate, glutarate, methanesulfonate, carbonate/adipate, malate, pimelate, acetate, suberate, oxalate, azelate, sebacate, glyoxylate, propionate, methacrylate, lactate, butyrate, hydroxy-iso-butyrate, valerate, capronate, enanthate, caprylate, pelargate in 9.5 min... 

Karpova, S. G., lordanskii, A. L., Popov, A. A., Shilkina, N. G., Lomakin, S. M., Shcherbina, M. A., Chvalun, S. N., Berlin, A. A., Effect of External Influences on the Structural and Dynamic Parameters of Poly hydroxy butyrate-hydroxy valerate Based Biocomposites. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2012,6 (1), 72-80. 

Chemically, wood tar is a complex mixture that contains at least 200 individual compounds, among which the foUowing have been isolated (1) 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-ethylphenol, 5-meth5i-2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-x5ienol, butyric acid, crotonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, butyrolactone, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4JT-pyran-4-one, 2-methyl-2-propenal, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl furyl ketone, and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-l-one. 

A number of steroids have been regioselectively acylated ia a similar manner (99,104). Chromobactenum viscosum hpase esterifies 5a-androstane-3P,17P-diol [571-20-0] (75) with 2,2,2-triduoroethyl butyrate ia acetone with high selectivity. The hpase acylates exclusively the hydroxy group ia the 3-position giving the 3P-(monobutyryl ester) of (75) ia 83% yield. In contrast, bacillus subtilis protease (subtihsia) displays a marked preference for the C-17 hydroxyl. Candida iylindracea]i 2Lse (CCL) suspended ia anhydrous benzene regioselectively acylates the 3a-hydroxyl group of several bile acid derivatives (104). 

Hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase (from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides) [9028-38-0] Mf 85,000, [EC 1.1.1.30], amorphous. Purified by two sequential chromatography steps on two triazine dye-Sepharose matrices. [Scavan et al. Biochem J 203 699 7952.]... 

Quaternary salts of the substances represented by tliese formulae have been prepared by Kogl, Veldstra and van der Laan as well as of the next lower homologues, the substituted butyraldehydes, and the methyl ethers of both series. Their pharmacological activities were negligible in comparison with that of muscarine, but as six stereoisomeric forms may be produced in each synthesis, the inactivity may be due to stereoisomerism, just as in the case of threonine (a-amino-)3-hydroxy-butyric acid) where West and Carter found that only the d —) form is... 

Preparation of N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester of L-(-) y-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-a-Hydroxy-butyric Acid A solution of 10.6 grams (0,042 mol) of L-(-)-7-benzyloxycarbonylamino-o-hydroxybutyric acid and 4.8 grams (0.042 mol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide in 200 ml of... 

Chemical Name a(Hydroxy-1-cyclohexyl) butyric acid... 

The residue is dissolved in ether and the solution is washed with sodium chloride solution and then with a little sodium thiosulfate solution. The ethereal solution is dried over sodium sulfate and ether removed by distillation. A yield of 108 parts of 3,5,5-trimethyl-oxazolidine-2,4-dione is obtained having a melting point of 45° to 46°C with slight softening at 43°C. This represents a 75% theory yield on the ethyl o-hydroxy-iso-butyrate taken. The product may be further purified by dissolving the minimum quantity of dry ether and cooling to -10°C. The product so obtained melts sharply at 45.5° to 46.5°C, according to U.S. Patent 2,559,011. 

PBT - polybutylene terephthalate PDMS - polydimethyl siloxane rubber PE - polyethylene PET - polyethylene terephthalate PHB - poly[D(-)]-3-hydroxy butyrate PP - polypropylene... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Gamma hydroxy butyrate use—New York and Texas, 1995-96. JAMA 277 1511, 1997 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone—Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998-1999. MMRW Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 137-140, 1999 Chatlos JC Recent trends and a developmental approach to substance abuse in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 5 1-27, 1996... 

Winters WD, Kott KS Continuum of sedation, activation and hypnosis or hallucinosis a comparison of low dose effects of pentobarbital, diazepam or gamma-hydroxy-butyrate in the cat. Neuropharmacology 18 877—884, 1979... 

Carnitine (p-hydroxy-y-trimethylammonium butyrate), (CHjljN"—CH2—CH(OH)—CH2—COO , is widely distributed and is particularly abundant in muscle. Long-chain acyl-CoA (or FFA) will not penetrate the inner membrane of mitochondria. However, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, present in the outer mitochondrial membrane, converts long-chain acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine, which is able to penetrate the inner membrane and gain access to the P-oxidation system of enzymes (Figure 22-1). Carnitine-acylcar-nitine translocase acts as an inner membrane exchange transporter. Acylcarnitine is transported in, coupled with the transport out of one molecule of carnitine. The acylcarnitine then reacts with CoA, cat-... 

HBD is a biochemical rather than electrophoretic assessment of the LD isoenzyme which is associated with heart. All five isoenzymes of LD exhibit some activity toward cx-hydroxy-butyrate as substrate, but heart LD shows the greatest activity. Serum HBD measurement is not as valuable as the electrophoretic determination of heart LD isoenzyme. High HBD activity has also been found in diseases of the liver. Rises associated with the hepatic effects of congestive heart failure can be disconcerting in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Wilkinson has used the serum HBD/LD ratio for the differentiation of myocardial disease from other disorders in which HBD activity is elevated, whereas Rosalki has not found the ratio to be helpful (39). 

C-chiral racemic y-hydroxy sulfides were also resolved using PEL under kinetic resolution conditions. The products were transformed into optically active 3-(alkanesulfonyloxy)thiolane salts (Scheme 1). Similarly, 1,2-cyclic sulfite glycerol derivatives cis and trans) were resolved into enantiomers via a Pseudomonas cepacia-catalysed acylation with vinyl butyrate. The E values depended on the solvent used and varied from 2 to 26. ... 

Acetic, aconitic, ascorbic, benzoic, butyric, caffeic, citric, /j-coumaric, ferulic, fumaric, glutaric, glycolic, glyoxilic, malic, malonic, oxalacetic, oxalic, p-hydroxy benzoic, propionic, succinic, syringic, tartaric, valeric, vanillic Fatty acids... 

GPC proved to be a method extraordinarily well suited to the analysis and purification of 9-phenylcarbazole monodendrons, naturally branched polymers.12 Monodendrons up to generation four, molecular weight 16.6 kDa, were separated by GPC. Branching, introduced into bacterially produced poly(hydroxy butyrate) by co-polymerization with hydroxyvaleric acid, was analyzed by GPC in chloroform with on-line viscometry.13... 

Administer one ampule (44 mEq) if arterial pH is <7.0 0 Monitor arterial or venous pH hourly ° Do not overcorrect pH as acetoacetate and P-hydroxy butyrate are metabolized to bicarbonate... 

The following chemicals were obtained commercially (Sigma Chemical Co.) and bioassayed with C. album and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (seeds collected in North Carolina in 1980) following identification DL-3-hydroxybutyric acid (DL-3-hydroxy-butyric acid as a Na salt) and L-3-phenyllactic acid (L-2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acid). 

Aliphatic acids such as butyric acid have been previously implicated as being allelopathic compounds (46, 47, 23). Chou and Patrick (23) isolated butyric acid from soil amended with rye and showed that it was phytotoxic. Hydroxy acids have also been shown to possess phytotoxic properties (48) but have not been implicated in any allelopathic associations. Since SHBA is a stereo isomer, and the enantiomer was not identified because of impurity, all bioassays were run using a racemic mixture. The D-(-) stereo isomer of SHBA has been isolated from both microorganisms and root nodules of legumes and is suspected to be a metabolic intermediate in these systems (49). It is likely that only one enantiomer was present in the extract therefore, the true phytotoxic potential of this compound awaits clarification of the phytotoxicity of the individual enantiomers. 

In the liver, the ketone bodies suffer no transformation, and are excreted into the blood. The normal contents of ketone bodies (as acetoacetate or P-hydroxy-butyrate) amount to mere 0.1-0.6 mmol/ litre). Other tissues and organs (heart, lung, kidney, muscle, and nervous tissue), as distinct from the liver, utilize the ketone bodies as energy substrates. In the cells of these tissues, acetoacetate and 1-hydroxybutyrate enter ultimately the Krebs cycle and burn down to C02 and H,0 to release energy. 

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