Butyl methacrylate monomer

As an alternative to PEG treatment of waterlogged wood, attempts have been made to use a radiation curing method involving a range of monomers and resins. The aim of such treatments is to reduce treatment times and achieve a more stable artefact. Styrene, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, acrylates and methacrylates are the most studied monomers in the treatment of waterlogged archaeological wood. The most widely used of these monomers is the water-soluble vinylpyrrolidone and methacrylamide and the non-water soluble chemicals such as n-butyl methacrylate monomer or unsaturated polyester resin. 

The waterlogged wood impregnation by n-butyl methacrylate monomer and unsaturated polyester resins requires a solvent-exchange process. Two solvents, acetone and ethanol, were tested with butyl methacrylate, whereas... 

Monomer production is for the most part unaffected by the R group, so that poly(methyl methacrylate) will revert to methyl methacrylate, poly(ethyl methacrylate) will produce ethyl methacrylate, etc. This proceeds in copolymers as well, with the production of both monomers in roughly the original polymerization ratio. Figure 1.3 shows a pyrogram of poly(butyl methacrylate), with the butyl methacrylate monomer peak by far the predominant product. A pyrogram of a copolymer of two or more methacrylate monomers would contain a peak for each of the monomers in the polymer. 

Bis (4-methacryloylthiophenyl) sulfide Bis (4-vinylthiophenyl) sulfide monomer, hydrophilic polymer synthesis 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate monomer, inks 2-Hydroxyethylethylene urea monomer, large-volume polymers Methacrylic acid monomer, large-volume resins Methacrylic acid monomer, lube oil additives Butyl methacrylate monomer, lubricant additives Dicyclopentenyl methacrylate 2-Phenoxyethyl methacrylate 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate... 

Copolymers containing tBMA (tert-butyl methacrylate) monomer units yielded oily products which could not be precipitated as a solid. 

Hybrid aqueous dispersions were prepared containing both acrylic resins and polyurethane to provide enhanced properties for coating applications. Nanosized (approximately 50 mn) hybrid latexes were prepared at 30 C by the redox-initiated miniemulsion polymerisation of n-butyl methacrylate monomer in the presence of a urethane prepolymer. A stabiliser, of low molecular weight and low water solubility, was required to obtain stable particles of the required size. 7 refs. 

Butyl alcohol is employed as a feedstock in Japan to make methyl methacrylate monomer. In one such process (26), the alcohol is oxidized (in two steps) to acryHc acid, which is then esterified with methanol. In a similar process (27), /-butyl alcohol is oxidized in the presence of ammonia to give methacrylonitrile [126-98-7]. The latter is hydrolyzed to methacrjiamide [79-39-0] which then reacts with methanol to yield methyl methacrylate [80-62-6]. 

Polymerization of t-butyl methacrylate initiated by lithium compounds in toluene yields 100% isotactic polymers 64,65), and significantly, of a nearly uniform molecular-weight, while the isotactic polymethyl methacrylate formed under these conditions has a bimodal distribution. Significantly, the propagation of the lithium pairs of the t-Bu ester carbanion, is faster in toluene than in THF. In hydrocarbon solvents the monomers seem to interact strongly with the Li+ cations in the transition state of the addition, while the conventional direct monomer interaction with carbanions, that requires partial dissociation of ion-pair in the transition state of propagation, governs the addition in ethereal solvents. 

Figure 8. Typical polystyrene n-butyl methacrylate chromatogram (low to intermediate conversions) showing monomer peaks at times 46.2 and 49.2 min resolved...

Figure 9 shows the result of injecting 10 gA of the total low molecular weight fraction from GPC 1 (Column Code A2) into GPC 2 (Column Code Bl). With this column code, GPC 2 is performing as a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Separation is based upon solubility (i.e. composition differences) rather than upon molecular size. Methyl methacrylate monomer was used as a reference and added to the solution injected into GPC 1. Concentrations of n-butyl methacrylate, styrene and conversion are readily calculated from the peak areas and initial concentrations. 

Figure 11. Conversion vs. weight fraction styrene in monomer, styrene n-butyl methacrylate (samples as for Figure 10) ((------) ti = 0.68, r == 0.45 (------)...

The alkyl methacrylate monomers were available from various sources. Isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) (Rohm and Haas) and t-butyl methacrylate (TBMA) (Rohm Tech) may be purified first by distillation from CaH, followed by distillation from trialkyl aluminum reagents as described in detail earlier (20,21). In particular, t-butyl methacrylate (b.pt. 150°C) was successfully purified by distillation, from triethyl aluminum containing small amounts of diisobutyl aluminum hydride. The trialkyl aluminum and dialkyl aluminum hydride reagents were obtained from the Ethyl Corporation as 25 weight percent solutions in hexane. The initiator, -butyllithium, was obtained from the Lithco Division of FMC, and analyzed by the Gilman "double titration" (22). 

A TEA/DIBAH mixture can be added to cold (-78°C) monomer until the stable colored complex forms. The purification reaction is then allowed to proceed for 60 minutes at room temperature. This procedure allows for removal of impurities without reduction of the ester. Significantly narrower gel permeation chromatograms (Mw/Mn <1.25) of poly(t-butyl methacrylate) are obtained when the samples are prepared from TEA/DIBAH purified monomer. 

Similarly, vinyl monomers can be put in order from hard to soft monomer, according to their hydrophobicities. As a scale of hydrophobicity of vinyl monomer, the solubility in water may be adopted. Figure 10 showed some examples. Styrene is the most hard monomer and AN is the most soft monomer. Butyl acrylate and butyl methacrylate are more hard by one order than methyl or ethyl acrylate and methacrylate. 

Figure 10. Solubilities of vinyl monomers at 20°C. Numbers indicate the solubilities of the monomers in water (g dm 3) (BA) butyl acrylate (BMA) butyl methacrylate (EA) ethyl acrylate (MA) methyl acrylate. (, 27) (, 28)...

Here, the concept of the hard and soft HA and monomers may be reasonably applied. As Fig. 10 shows, n-butyl esters are much harder than methyl or ethyl ester. Accordingly, n-butyl methacrylate and acrylate were too hard to be incorporated into the soft HA formed by PVPA or starch. 

Close to 2 billion pounds of polymeric products based on acrylic and methacrylic esters are produced annually in the United States, about evenly divided between acrylates and methacrylates. A substantial fraction of the methacrylate products are copolymers. Most of the acrylate products are copolymers. The copolymers contain various combinations of acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers, including combinations of ester and acid monomers. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is by far the most important methacrylate ester monomer, accounting for 90% of the volume of methacrylic ester monomers. Ethyl and n-butyl acrylates account for about 80% of the total volume of acrylate ester monomers. 

Either addition sequence works if the two monomers are in the same family (e.g., methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate or styrene and 4-acetoxystyrene), because the equilibrium constants (for activation) for both types of chain ends have about the same value. The situation is usually quite different for pairs of monomers from different families. Chain ends from monomers with large equilibium constants can initiate the polymerization of monomers with lower equilibrium constants thus, cross-propagation is efficient. Methacrylate works well as the first monomer to form methacrylate-acrylate and methacrylate-styrene blocks. 

The main feature of (meth)acrylate-based support materials is the broad diversity of monomers that is commercially available and that can thus can be used for the fabrication of monoliths. The resulting (meth)acrylate monoliths consequently cover a wide spectrum of surface chemistries and properties. The scope of monomers includes hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, chiral, as well as reactive (meth)acrylate building blocks [53]—the most popular being mixtures of butyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate (BMA/EDMA) or glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate (GMA/EDMA) as cross-linker. 

The first hydrophilic monoliths based on acrylamide chemistry were based on copolymerization of acrylic acid and (V,/V -methylene bis(acrylamide) in the presence of an aqueous buffer as porogen [66], Shortly after, the first hydrophobic capillary support for hydrophobic interaction chromatography was fabricated by the substitution of acrylic acid by butyl methacrylate, whereas the monomer... 

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