Butterfly wing patterns

A biochemical switch) Zebra stripes and butterfly wing patterns are two of the most spectacular examples of biological pattern formation. Explaining the development of these patterns is one of the outstanding problems of biology see Murray (1989) for an excellent review of our current knowledge. 

White, R.J. and Winokur, L. (2003) Quantitative description and discrimination of butterfly wing patterns using moment invariant analysis. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93(4) 361-374. 

Opals and butterfly wings seem very different, yet both shimmer with beautiful colors. Although they are made of very different chemical substances, both have highly regular stmctures containing hexagonal patterns. 

The eyespots on butterfly wings are a recently derived evolutionary novelty that arose in a subset of the Lepidoptera and play an important role in predator avoidance. The production of the eyespot pattern is controlled by a developmental organizer called the focus, which induces the surrounding cells to synthesize specific pigments. The evolution of the developmental mechanisms that establish focus was therefore the key to the origin of butterfly eyespots (Keys et al., 1999, p.532). 

It is most likely that several independent mechanisms are operating, possibly at different stages, to produce diverse patterns on butterfly wings. .. 

Brakefield PM, French V (1999) Butterfly wings the evolution of development of colour patterns. Bioessays 21(5) 391 01... 

The third item of my discussion is "Polymer Science and the Simulation of Art". Simulation of the beautiful color of the butterfly is done in a development of a special polyester cloth developed by Kuraray in Japan. The Morpho butterfly in South America shows very beautiful luster. In the scanning electron microscope pattern of the wings of the Morpho butterfly, highly regular ladder like structures can be seen. This structure was simulated by the twisting of a great number of filaments and a lustrous color can be obtained in a polyester fabric made from fibers made by this principle. Comparison of the electron microscope patterns of the cloth and the butterfly wing show a very similar picture. (Chujo showed several samples of fabric made from this kind of polyester fibers). ... 

Surfaces that possess directionally dependent or anisotropic superhydropho-bicity have been the subject of a number of studies due to their potential application in microfluidic devices, their ability to form evaporation-driven surface patterns, and their potential to form coatings that are readily cleaned (Higgins and Jones, 2000 Liu et al., 2006, 2010). Anisotropic superhydro-phobicity has been observed on the surfaces of a number of plants and insects, including rice leaves and butterfly wings (Figure 5). These surfaces were found to exhibit properties associated with anisotropic hydropho-bicity, these being low water drag, superhydrophobicity, and the abihty to self-clean (Bixler and Bhushan, 2012, 2013), properties that arise from the unique hierarchical structures present on the surface (Bixler and Bhushan, 2013). 

Koch, P.B. et al., Insect pigmentation activities of beta-alanyldopamine synthase in wing color patterns of wild-type and melanic mutant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, Pigment Cell Res., 13, Suppl 8, 54, 2000. 

An alternative explanation of the observed turbidity in PS/DOP solutions has recently been suggested simultaneously by Helfand and Fredrickson [92] and Onuki [93] and argues that the application of flow actually induces enhanced concentration fluctuations, as derived in section 7.1.7. This approach leads to an explicit prediction of the structure factor, once the constitutive equation for the liquid is selected. Complex, butterfly-shaped scattering patterns are predicted, with the wings of the butterfly oriented parallel to the principal strain axes in the flow. Since the structure factor is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of concentration fluctuations, this suggests that the fluctuations grow along directions perpendicular to these axes. 

As observed in Figs.3.14-4, all patterns generated by the C3-C1, C3-C2 and C2-C1 representations, remind, in one way or another, a butterfly. The latter stands for a basic phenomenon in the chaos model known as the butterfly effect, after the title of a paper by Edward N.Lorenz Can the flap of a butterfly s wing stir up a tornado in Texas An additional point may be summarized as follows, i.e., How come that relatively simple mathematical models create very complicated dynamic behaviors, on the one hand, and how Order, followed by esthetics patterns, may be created by the specific representation of the transient behavior, on the other ... 

Axial motion is preferred, and such designs are appropriate when liquid must be guided. There are examples of such patterns in nature, such as the wings of butterflies or water striders. 

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