Pattern formation, biological

Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological and Complex Systems ed S Kim, K J Lee and W Sung (Melville, NY American Institute of Physics) pp 95-111... 

Chuong, C.M., et al., What is the biological basis of pattern formation of skin... 

Deutsch, A. and Dormann, S., Cellular Automaton Modeling of Biological Pattern Formation, Birkhauser, Boston, 2005. 

Wolpert, L. (1978). Pattern formation in biological development Scientific American 239(4), 154-164. Wolpert L. (1991). The Triumph of the Embryo. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. 

Zhang SG, Yan L, Altman M et al (1999) Biological surface engineering a simple system for cell pattern formation. Biomaterials 20(13) 1213-1220... 

This method is undisputedly the most important innovation in this field since the advent of the surface science founding methods AES and XPS in the 1960s [14]. It has revolutionized surface structure determination and is an extremely powerful method for investigating 2D molecular pattern formation. Applications also include biology, electrochemistry, solid state physics, as well as atomic and molecular manipulation. Although most of the studies... 

A feature related to steady state multiplicity and stability is that of "pattern formation", which has its origins in the biological literature. Considering an assemblage of cells containing one catalyst pellet each, Schmitz (47, 53) has shown how non-uniform steady states - giving rise to a pattern - can arise, if communication between the pellets is sufficiently small. This possibility has obvious implications to packed-bed reactors. 

Dolak, Y. Hillen, T. Cattaneo models for chemo-sensitive movement—numerical solution and pattern formation. J. Mathematical Biology 2003, 46 (5), 460 78. 

A biochemical switch) Zebra stripes and butterfly wing patterns are two of the most spectacular examples of biological pattern formation. Explaining the development of these patterns is one of the outstanding problems of biology see Murray (1989) for an excellent review of our current knowledge. 

A. S. Mikhailov. Modeling pattern formation in excitable media The legacy of Norbert Wiener. In J. Milton, P. Jung (eds.), Epilepsy as a dynamic disease. Biological and Medical Physics Series. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 125-163, 2003. 

A. Gierer, H. Meinhardt, A theory of biological pattern formation,... 

Meinhardt, H. 1982. Models for Biological Pattern Formation. Academic Press, London. 

Abstract Pattern formation is a widespread phenomenon observed in different physical, chemical and biological systems on varions spatial scales, including the nanometer scale. In this chapter discussed are the universal features of pattern formation pattern selection, modulational instabilities, structure and dynamics of domain walls, fronts and defects, as well as non-potential effects and wavy patterns. Principal mathematical models used for the description of patterns (Swift-Hohenberg equation, Newell-Whitehead-Segel equation, Cross-Newell equation, complex Ginzburg-Landau equation) are introduced and some asymptotic methods of their analysis are presented. 

Patterns formed in non-equilibrium systems are fascinating objects, which arise in many physical, chemical and biological systems [1], Liquid crystals, the other key word in the title, are substances with captivating properties [2-4] and their study has made amazing progress - both in basic research and applications - in the past couple of years. How do these two subjects join and why are liquid crystals especially attractive for studying pattern formation An attempt will be made in this tutorial review to answer these questions to some extent. 

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