Butterfly’s wing

As observed in Figs.3.14-4, all patterns generated by the C3-C1, C3-C2 and C2-C1 representations, remind, in one way or another, a butterfly. The latter stands for a basic phenomenon in the chaos model known as the butterfly effect, after the title of a paper by Edward N.Lorenz Can the flap of a butterfly s wing stir up a tornado in Texas An additional point may be summarized as follows, i.e., How come that relatively simple mathematical models create very complicated dynamic behaviors, on the one hand, and how Order, followed by esthetics patterns, may be created by the specific representation of the transient behavior, on the other ... 

E. Lorenz. Predictability does the flap of a butterfly s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas Presented at the Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC (1972). (Full text in Appendix in... 

Similarly, divergence will also occur if we have an infinitely precise computer to solve the chaotic problem, but the balloon experiences an unaccounted-for, infinitesimal fluctuation between finite time steps of the trajeaory calculation. The accumulation of errors resulting from the extreme sensitivity of a chaotic trajectory to its instantaneous environment was called the butterfly effect by Lorenz. The butterfly effect arises from the fact that the balloon s trajectory is dynamically unstable, which means that it is so sensitive to changes in its instantaneous environment that the perturbations caused by the fluttering of a butterfly s wing thousands of miles away are sufficient to cause the trajectory of the balloon to change from what it would otherwise have been. 

The butterfly effect is a large variance in possible outcomes in a situation that starts with changes on a much smaller scale. The phrase refers to a concept in probability that the flap of a butterfly s wings could, after a string of events, alter a tornado s path. 

The study of nonlinear systems of chaotic differential equations is of considerable research interest However, the subject will not be pursued furflier here but the reader is referred to the literature (or Web sites) for more details. For flie purpose here, one of the major observations is flie very sensitive nature of flie solution to the initial conditions which is one of the distinguishing features of such chaotic systems of nonlinear equations. This is sometimes referred to as flie butterfly effect where it has been observed that if the weaflier equations for our world are a set of chaotic equations then flie flap of a butterfly s wings in one part of flie world... 

What Carroll s team discovered is that the genes and the entire regulatory pathway that integrates them and which control anterior/posterior wing development in the Drosophila (or its common ancestor with butterflies) have been recruited and modified to develop the eyespot focus. This discovery of the facility with which new developmental functions can evolve. .. within extant structures (Keys et al., 1999, p. 534) would have been impossible without the successful why-necessary answer to the proximate question of developmental biology. 

To demonstrate the application of these butterfly wing SERS substrates to the problem of protein-binding detection, Garrett et al. devised a protein-binding assay. There are a variety of methods for binding proteins to a metal surface, some of which depend on the amino acid composition of the protein, others of which do not. Direct adsorption via covalent bonds between sulfur groups in proteins and metal surfaces has been used with some success [43] however, this method is unsuitable for use in Raman spectroscopy-based assays, as nonspecific binding may result in a wide variety of conformational orientations of the molecules with respect to the metal s surface. This can lead to Raman spectra that are difficult to reproduce. Not only that, but the analyte may bind to the metal as well as the antibody, which can lead to noisy spectra. 

Dey S, Hooroo RNK, Bhattacharjee CR (1998) Electron microscopy and spectroscopical studies on the coloured patches on the wing of a butterfly, Graphium sarpedon (Lepidoptera Papillionidae) with reference to their photobiological and electrical properties. Pigment Cell Res 11(1) 1-11... 

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