Butterfat

There is more activity in dairy products than anywhere else in the food industry. Ice milk and fro2en yogurt, early leaders in the field, rose rapidly in sales then plummeted. Fat-free ice cream has been marketed, but final results are not yet available. Sales of these products have not cannibalized traditional ice cream (35). Standards for traditional ice cream call for a minimum of 10% butterfat. One fat-free ice cream product is prepared from nonfat milk (skim) and cellulose gum. Fat-free ice creams have encountered strong resistance in some segments of the retail trade. Retailers in Maine and New York, states with important dairy producing industries, refuse to sell such products (36). 

Sterols. Sterols (4) are tetracycHc compounds derived biologically from terpenes. They are fat-soluble and therefore are found in small quantities in fats and oils. Cholesterol [57-88-5] (4a) is a common constituent in animal fats such as lard, tallow, and butterfat. The hydroxyl group can be free or esterified with a fatty acid. 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Standardization. Standardization is the process of adjusting the ratio of butterfat and soHds-not-fat (SNF) to meet legal or industry standards. Adding cream of high butterfat milk iato semm of low butterfat milk might result in a product with low SNF, thus careful control must be exercised. 

Cholesterol Content (mg/Tbsp) Lard 12 Beef Tallow 14 Butterfat 33. No cholesterol in any vegetable-based oil. 

The milk and cream in ice cream contain butterfat, proteins, and milk sugars. Butterfat adds rich flavor, smooth texture, body, and good melting properties. The triglycerides in butterfat melt over a wide range of temperatures, so there is always some bit of solid and some liquid butterfat. Some of the butterfat almost turns into butter while the ice cream is being churned, adding to the unique texture of ice cream. 

Example butter, an emulsion of water in butterfat. solid solution A solid homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. 

Gillespie AM, Walters SM. 1986. HPLC silica column fractionation of pesticides and PCB from butterfat. J Liq Chromatogr 9 2111-2142. 

Chlorella, aquatic plant, grass, hay, spruce twigs and needles, olive leaves, peach leaves, tobacco leaves Bovine muscle, bovine liver, pig kidney, milk powder, cereals, single cell protein, butterfat, fish oil, animal feed-stuffs, textiles... 

Recently it was shown that when DDT, benzene hexachloride, or toxaphene is fed or applied to cattle, such organic chlorine residue as may be present in the fatty tissues consists essentially of unchanged insecticide. Carter (12) demonstrated their presence by separating the fats and other oxygenated products with sulfuric acid-sodium sulfate mixture and determining total chlorine. In experiments with DDT Schechter (46) demonstrated its presence in fatty tissue and in butterfat by the Schechter-Haller colorimetric method (47). The residues were then tested for toxicity to houseflies in comparison with the known insecticides of the same concentration. In both cases the known insecticide gave the same mortality as the residue. 

In addition to the alfalfa hay, the cows received a grain ration which consisted of a mixture of 80% barley and 20% molasses dried beet pulp, to which were added 2% steam bone meal and 1% fine hay salt (sodium chloride). This ration was fed at the rate of 0.75 pound of grain per day for each pound of butterfat produced during the previous week. If the butterfat production dropped below 0.8 pound per day, the grain ration was routinely discontinued. 

Data showing daily feed consumption and milk and butterfat production of the cows for the two years are given in Table V. During the period of feeding, there was no evidence that the cows receiving DDT-treated hay were injured in any way, or that their milk production was affected. Apparently the amount of DDT ingested daily and the release of DDT from the fatty tissues did not provide sufficient DDT in the blood stream to affect feed consumption or milk production. 

Table V. Average Daily Feed Consumption and Milk and Butterfat Production of...

DDT Added to Hay, Lb./Acre Cows No. of Days Fed Hay Grain Consumed. Consumed, Lb. Lb. Milk Produced, Lb. Butterfat Produced Lb. %... 

At the 2 lowest doses, significant depression from day 2 through day 14 blood cholinesterase normal at day 21. At 60.75 mg/kg, blood cholinesterase decreased for entire 49-day posttreatment. No outward signs of organophosphate intoxication and normal food intake and demeanor At 24 h, whole milk had 0.24 mg famphur/L of which 76% was in the butterfat fraction after 72 h, residues in milk were <0.008 mg/L... 

Basu and Nath (59), studied calcium absorption in young men eating diets varied in levels of calcium. Diets were either nearly fat-free or contained fat supplied primarily by butterfat, sesame oil, peanut oil, coconut oil or mustard seed oil. Feeding of all test fats except coconut oil resulted in a slight decrease in fecal calcium, thus, an assumed increase in calcium bioavailability. However, feeding of coconut oil (a highly saturated fat) resulted in increased fecal and urinary losses of calcium. 

Bong RL. 1977. Collaborative study of the recovery of bexachlorobenzebe and mirex in butterfat and fish. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 60(l) 229-232. 

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