2-Butanol, naming

Figure Bl.22.6. Raman spectra in the C-H stretching region from 2-butanol (left frame) and 2-butanethiol (right), each either as bulk liquid (top traces) or adsorbed on a rough silver electrode surface (bottom). An analysis of the relative intensities of the different vibrational modes led to tire proposed adsorption structures depicted in the corresponding panels [53], This example illustrates the usefiilness of Raman spectroscopy for the detennination of adsorption geometries, but also points to its main limitation, namely the need to use rough silver surfaces to achieve adequate signal-to-noise levels.

It IS convenient to distinguish between enantiomeis by prefixing the sign of iota tion to the name of the substance Foi example we lefei to one of the enantiomeis of 2 butanol as (+) 2 butanol and the othei as (—) 2 butanol Optically pure (+) 2 butanol has a specific rotation ol of +13 5° optically pure (—) 2 butanol has an exactly oppo site specific rotation ol of —13 5°... 

Substitutive name Functional class names 1 Butanol n Butyl alcohol or butyl alcohol 2 Butanol sec Butyl alcohol or 1 methylpropyl alcohol... 

Formaldehyde. Pure formaldehyde, CH2O, is a colorless, pungent smelling reactive gas (see Formaldehyde). The commercial product is handled either as soHd polymer, paraformaldehyde (13), or in aqueous or alcohoHc solutions. Marketed under the trade name Formcel, solutions in methanol, / -butanol, and isobutyl alcohol, made by Hoechst-Celanese, are widely used for making alcohol-modified urea and melamine resins for surface coatings and treating textiles. 

Mixtures of isomeric amyl alcohols (1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol) are often preferred because the different degree of branching imparts a more desirable combination of properties they are also less expensive to produce commercially. One such mixture is a commercial product sold under the name Primary Amyl Alcohol by Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. 

Two complementai y reviews of this subject are by Shah et al. AIChE Journal, 28, 353-379 [1982]) and Deckwer (in de Lasa, ed.. Chemical Reactor Design andTechnology, Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp. 411-461). Useful comments are made by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions, Wiley, 1984). Charpentier (in Gianetto and Silveston, eds.. Multiphase Chemical Reactors, Hemisphere, 1986, pp. 104—151) emphasizes parameters of trickle bed and stirred tank reactors. Recommendations based on the literature are made for several design parameters namely, bubble diameter and velocity of rise, gas holdup, interfacial area, mass-transfer coefficients k a and /cl but not /cg, axial liquid-phase dispersion coefficient, and heat-transfer coefficient to the wall. The effect of vessel diameter on these parameters is insignificant when D > 0.15 m (0.49 ft), except for the dispersion coefficient. Application of these correlations is to (1) chlorination of toluene in the presence of FeCl,3 catalyst, (2) absorption of SO9 in aqueous potassium carbonate with arsenite catalyst, and (3) reaction of butene with sulfuric acid to butanol. 

To make the hydrochloride salt, the bisacetamide or, by another name, 1,11-diphenyl-2,2,3,9,10,10-hexamethyl-4 3hydroxy ethyl )-3,6,9-triazaundecane is dissolved In n-butanol. The solution is chilled and then dry hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the solution causing an oil to separate. To the heavy oil ether is added and then stirred causing crystallization to occur. MP146°Cto 147°C. Analysis for nitrogen calc. 8.3%, found 8.2%. 

The common names of 2-methyl-2-propanol are tertiary-butanol and tertiary-butyl alcohol (commonly shortened to tert-butanol and tert-butyl alcohol or even t-butanol and t-butyl alcohol). 

When we learned how to name compounds, we said that we would skip over the naming of stereocenters until we learned how to determine configuration. Now that we know how to determine whether a stereocenter is R or S, we can now see how to include this in the name of a compound. It is actually quite simple. If there is only one stereocenter, then you simply place either (R) or (S) at the beginning of the name. For example, 2-butanol has one stereocenter, and can either be (I )-2-bu-tanol or (S)-2-butanol, depending on the configuration of the stereocenter. If more than one stereocenter is present, then you must also use numbers to identify the location of each stereocenter. Consider the following example ... 

This paper considers systems of lesser dimensionality than the previous study, namely, systems of two compounds, which (ignoring the vapor) can form only one or two phases. Specifically, excess enthalpies and phase compositions have been measured (at ambient pressure) by isoperibol calorimetry for n-butanol/water at 30.0 and 55.0 °C and for n-butoxyethanol/water at 55.0 and 65.0 °C. (Butanol, or C4E0, is C HgOH butoxyethanol, or C4E1, is C HgCX OH.) The miscibility... 

Answer is (b), 2-butanol is the most appropriate name for this molecule. It has a four carbon atom chain with a hydroxyl group on the carbon second from the end. 

Weizmann A process for producing acetone and //-butanol by the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria isolated from soil or cereals. Later work has shown that effective bacteria are Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus granulobacter pectinorum. Used in Britain in World War I for the manufacture of acetone, needed for the production of cordite. Subsequently operated by Commercial Solvents Corporation in Terre Haute, IN, and in two plants in Canada. Later abandoned in favor of synthetic processes. Invented by C. Weizmann in the University of Manchester in 1915, based on earlier work at the Pastern Institute by A. Fembach and E. H. Strange (hence the alternative name Fembach-Strange-Weizmann). The money that Weizmann obtained from royalties on this process was used in founding the State of Israel, of which he was the first president. 

Chaudhuri et al. (216) reported that the dinuclear bis(phenoxyl)dicopper(II) species [Cu2(Ls )2]Cl2 (Fig- 30) reacts under anaerobic conditions in dry THF in a stoichiometric fashion with primary and secondary alcohols (ethanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-propanol, diphenylcarbinol, and 2-butanol) with formation of two different products, namely, aldehydes (or ketones) and 1,2-diols (and/or other oxidative C— C coupling products). 

There is another point of nomenclature that must be discussed, namely where a chiral center is involved. Taking the simple case of 2-butanol, CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3, we can explain the point as follows (Scheme 1). Two configurations are possible at the chiral center. In both the R and the S series, three conformations are possible. The +sc form in the R series and the -sc form in the S series are enantiomers and their free energies must be the same under achiral conditions. However, the - sc form in the R and that in the S series differ in free energies. Therefore, it is not sufficient to call a conformation -sc if a chiral center is involved. In this case we may have to call such conformations - sc(R) and — sc(S) to distinguish them. 

More than seventy years ago the impressive discovery was made that bioreduction of mannitol, glycerol and starch yields butanol. Fermentations in which butyric acid, butanol and acetone are formed from carbohydrates by different bacilli (butyl bacteria) belong in this group. The term butyl bacteria as a generic name for microbes producing the genetically related substances of the four-carbon series was proposed in 1921" and has been applied since then. The approximate course of these reactions is shown by the following formulations which, however, do not explain the mechanism ... 

To fully characterize and categorize the solute selectivities of GC stationary phases, Rohrschneider and McRe5molds pioneered one of the earliest characterization methods [5,6]. The Rohrschneider-McReynolds system is the oldest and widely accepted stationary phase classification systems that is based on the retention of five probe molecules namely, benzene, bufanol, 2-penfanone, nifropropane, and pyridine. Each probe molecule is used to represenf a disfincf or a combination of interactions with the stationary phase. Benzene measures dispersive interactions with weak proton acceptor properties butanol measures dipolar interactions with both proton donor and proton acceptor capabilities 2-pentanone measures dipolar interactions with proton acceptor but not proton donor capabilities nitropropane measures weak dipolar interactions and pyridine measures weak dipolar interactions with strong proton acceptor but not proton donor capabilities. 

Equation 4.1 describes the Rohrschneider-McReynolds system in terms of the five probes and their corresponding phase constants namely, benzene (X ), butanol (Y ), 2-pentanone (Z ), nitropropane (U ), and pyridine (S ) with the overall difference in the Kovats retention index (AI). 

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