Fungal resistance

Also of limited practical importance is some resistance of Venturia inaequalis (causing apple scab) against kresoxim-methyl, which has its origin in the esterase-mediated metabolization of the active substance by the resistant isolates [85]. Target mutations Phel29Leu (yeast numbering) lead only to lower resistance factors in a few fungal species, and seem also to be of minor practical relevance. 

In contrast, target mutation Glyl43Ala (yeast numbering) is of great importance for Complex III Qo site inhibitors. At the molecular/submolecular level it prevents docking of the active substance to its target completely [60, 84a, 86aj. 

ASTM G 21 is a standard practice somewhat similar to the procedure given in MimDBK-304. The ASTM practice uses a 21-day incubation period, however, and one of the five test organisms is different. 

---

Daub, M. E., Leisman, G. B., Clark, R. A., and Bowden, E. F. (1992). Reductive detoxification as a mechanism of fungal resistance to singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 9588-9592. 

Gram-positive cocci 6.2 Mechanisms of fungal resistance... 

By analogy with bacteria, two basic mechanisms of fungal resistance to biocides can be envisaged ... 

Not all additives increase biological attack. Heat stabilisers for PVC fabrication, e.g., tin and lead organometallic compounds, promote fungal resistance. 

MORRISSEY, J.P., OSBOURN, A.E., Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Revs., 1999,63,708-724. 

Birkinshaw, C. and Hale, M.D. (2002). Mechanical properties and fungal resistance of acetylated fast grown softwoods. I. Small specimens. Irish Forestry, 59(1-2), 49-58. 

Chen, G.C. (1992a). Fungal resistance of loblolly pine reacted with para-toluene, sulfonyl chloride or isocyanate. Wood and Fiber Science, 24(2), 161-167. 

Nilsson, T., Rowell, R.M., Simonson, R. and Tillman, A.-M. (1988). Fungal resistance of pine particle boards made from various types of acetylated chips. Holzforschung, 42(2), 123-126. 

Provide fungal resistance to wood surface and to coatings on the surface. 

Resistance Fungal resistance, though infrequent, is associated with decreased ergosterol content of the fungal membrane. 

Aspergillus strains have been prepared with improved bioabsorbability. These azole-based fungicides are particularly useful for treating fungal-resistant strains in immunodeficient patients. 

Monitoring blood concentrations of fluc)rtosme is essential, so that the dosage can be altered according to changing renal function and to avoid toxicity. Peak plasma concentrations should be 40-60 pg/ml after an oral dose, and under 100 pg/ml after intravenous infusion. To avoid fungal resistance, trough concentrations below 20 pg/ml are recommended (7). 

---