Bunker oil

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

Bunker fuel heavy residual oil, also called bunker C, bunker C fuel oil, or bunker oil see also No. 6 Fuel oil. 

The petroleum refining companies have an intermediate position, since 44% of the products are sold directly to individuals, as gasoline and lube oil at gasoline stations. The other main customers are the four transportation industries taking 12% of products as jet fuel for airplanes, bunker oil for ships, and kerosene for buses and trucks. The Utility-sector buys heavy fuel oil to generate heat and electricity. The heavy sale to the Construction industry is both for fuel and for asphalt for paving roads and for roofs. 

In addition to Ni catalysts, Lee and Park explored some unconventional catalysts, such as limestone, dolomite, and iron ore, in a fluidized bed reactor to carry out SR of kerosene and bunker oil. H2 yields from SR of bunker oil over various catalysts (temperature = 800°C, bed height = 10 cm, superficial gas velocity = 20 cm/sec, and S/C = 1.6) were sand (20%), iron ore (29%), commercial Ni catalyst (89%), limestone (93%), and dolomite (76%). Limestone as a SR catalyst looked very promising, but H2 yields over a limestone catalyst decreased over time due to elutriation of fines during the reaction. A fluidized-bed reactor was advantageous for reforming of higher hydrocarbons, due to its ability to replace coked catalyst with fresh catalyst during operation. 

The 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage... 

The changes in feedstock properties (heavier and more metal loaded, the so-called Resid ) due to the whitening of the barrel (lower demand for fuel and bunker oils and increased demand for cleaner products)... 

On the other hand, other hydrocarbon-rich materials (e.g., sediment contaminated with PCP, creosote, and bunker oil) are not readily destroyed by land farming. 

The process uses hot oil (high boiling bunker oil) as the pyrolysis medium to ensure good thermal conductivity and eliminates the need for an expensive hot melt exfluder, as the plastic flakes melt instantly on contact with the hot oil. The heat required for melting the mixed thermoplastics is quoted at 0.28 kW h/kg [25]. 

As shown in Figure 3, most oils spilled into the sea worldwide are fuels (48%) and then crude oils (29%). Fuels consist primarily of Bunker oils and intermediate fuel oils (IFO) which consist of Bunker oils mixed with fuels such as diesel. Figure 3 also shows that grounding is the leading cause of oil spills from vessels (26%),... 

Heavy fuel oils account for another 4 percent of petroleum products processed from crude oil. Among them, bunker oil is the heaviest. It is used to fuel large ship engines. 

Among a number of incidental studies was one of a potential anticipatory nature. Early in the war the need arose for some means of igniting oil on water. For this purpose it was felt desirable initially to be able to supply in several possible ways an ignitor of an oil spread on sea water, such as bunker oil, with a thickness of about of an inch. This involved largely a review of compounds which we and others had prepared over the years and which... 

In 1993, an oil tanker named "Braer" carrying 84,700 tons of Norwegian Gullfaks crude oil and about 1500 tons of heavy bunker oil following its engine failure ran aground in severe weather conditions and lost its entire cargo of oil [17]. 

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