Brown bark

The reddish brown bark, commonly known as cancerina of Hippocratea excelsa H.B.K., is valuable for treating skin ailments and gastric ulcers and for its pesticidal properties. The sesquiterpene evoninoate alkaloids hippocrateine I (58) and II (59), Fig. (18), were... 

Maytenus ilicifolia Mart, is a large shrub found in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina and is claimed to have several medicinal properties. Its reddish to orangish brown bark, known as cangorosa , is... 

Today, three Cinchona species are cultivated for the production of quinine. C sticcirubra yields the red bark , C. legderiana the brown bark , and C. calisaya the yellow bark (Dewick, 2002). In addition to quinine, the barks contain significant amounts of three other quinoline alkaloids quinidine, the diastereomer of quinine, which is used as an antiarrhythmic, and 6-demethoxy analogs of the two alkaloids, cinchonine and cinchonidine. 

Tree up to about 25 m high with dark reddish brown bark, which is not peeling but broken into plates native to southern Canada and northern United States, from Maine to Ohio and south to Florida and Alabama. 

Small- to medium-size, deciduous tree with reddish brown bark and hairy twigs up to about 13 m high native to the Pacific Coast of North America (northern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana). Part used is the bark, which is removed from trees with trunk diameter of about 10cm or more it is then allowed to dry... 

Common/vernacular names Red bark, red Peruvian bark, cinchona rubra (C. pubescens), yellow bark, calisaya bark, ledger bark, brown bark, cinchona flava (C. calisaya and C. ledgeriana), Jesuit s bark, Peruvian bark, China bark, cortex chinae, and fever tree. 

Tbe oil Ironi the bark has been examined hy Schimmel Co, The bark yielded O 03 per cent, of a brown oil ot cinnamon-like odour. Ita specific gravity was 1 1200 (15 ] and ila retractive index 1-52712 (20 J awing tc the dark colour it was nat possible to deicrmioo Lhe rotation. It was solnble in fi-5 volumes of 80 per cent, alcohol. IL la probable chat its constiLueois do not include esters, buL lacUmo-likc compounds, lor wbeu T5 grm. ct the cU was saponified. 5 c.o, semioormal poLasIk... 

Zimt, m. cinnamon. — weisser —, canella bark, canella. — chinesischer cassia bark. Zimt-. cinnamic cinnamon. -aldehyd, n. cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, -alko-hol, m. cinnamic alcohol, -blute,/. cinnamon flower, cassia bud. -bliltendl, n. cassia oil. zimtbraun, a. cinnamon-brown. Zimtcarbonsaure, /. carboxycinnamic acid, zimt-farbig, -farben, a. cinnamon-colored. Zimt-kaneel, m. canella bark, canella. -kassia, /. cassia bark, cassia, -kassienbl, n. oil of cassia. 

A crude process of extraction of urushiol from the tree Rhus vernicifera was used by the Chinese during the Chou dynasty of 1122-249 BC, and the process was systematised by the Japanese. The tree is tapped at about the 10th year of cultivation by a lateral sloping incision into the bark during June to September. The sap is white to grayish in color, but on exposure to air turns yellow-brown and then black. The crude sap contains approximately 70% urushiol, 4% gum, 2% albuminous materials, and 24% water. It is stirred and filtered and heated to reduce the moisture level [138] and finally stored in air-tight containers. 

This formulation is proposed as a complete treatment, comprising powdered and crystalline combustion catalysts and slag modifiers. It is designed for pulverized fuel (PF), brown coal, lignite, peat moss, and bark, and for application with cyclone burners, chain grates, underfed, and spreader stokers. 

I get out to stretch my legs and greet Morgan, and am promptly butted in the small of the back. At my yelp Mark laughs, the dog barks again, and I turn, and find myself being butted in the stomach instead, by a dark brown donkey. 

Brown Tree bark carbonate Mostly a mixture of cellulose and lignin... 

Z. ailanthoides Sieb. Zucc. (F agar as [Sieb. Zucc.] Engl.), or Japanese prickly ash karasuzanshou (Japanese), shih chu yii, yueh chiao, or la tzu (Chinese), is deciduous small tree that grows to a height of 18 m in Japan, Korea, and China. The bark is grayish-brown... 

Brown RP (1987) Physical Testing of Rubber. Elsevier, Barking, Essex, England... 

Any form of natural rubber which is marketed with the rough surface produced by passing the rubber through a series of mills with grooved rolls travelling at differential speeds. The main types are pale crepe, sole crepe, brown crepe and flat bark crepe. 

Ribbed smoke sheets White and pale crepes Estate brown crepes Compo crepes Thin brown crepes Thick blanket crepes Flat bark crepes Pure smoked crepe... 

Symptoms New shoots turn yellow, wilt and die back. The inner bark on infected twigs may show black or reddish brown discoloration. Gummy cankers form on trunks and branches and increase in size until they girdle and kill the affected part... 

Small brown aphid living in colonies on stems and branches, protected by a white waxy substance that looks like cotton batting. They are most conspicuous in late spring and early summer. Young aphids overwinter in cracks in bark. 

FIGURE 11.24 Leaching (a) Standard pieces of different trees leach out different amounts of phenolics and other compounds. During 24 hours, red maple and witch hazel (left) stain water a darker brown than willow and quaking aspen (right), (b) and (c) Beavers leave pieces of branches in the water for 1-3 days with some or all bark intact before eating the bark. This presumably leaches out water-soluble plant secondary compounds. 

Cell walls in the necrotic tissue of these wounds were browned. Staining with diazotized Q-tolidine and toluidine blue confirmed the polypheno-lic nature of these brown depositions, which may have resulted from the polymerization of the stilbenes present in large quantities in spruce bark. Phenolic residues were deposited on the walls of certain cells internal to the necrotic tissues by 10 days after wounding. By 36 days these cells had become thick-walled. The precise nature of substances responsible for this thickening has not been determined, variable responses being obtained with histochemical tests for lignin (cf. Table I). Suberin was detectable in cells immediately underlying the thick walled cells, which corresponded to the... 

Cassia oil (Chinese ciimamon oil) is obtained by steam distillation of the leaves, twigs, and bark of Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees (C. cassia Bl., Lauraceae). It is a reddish-brown liquid with a sweet-spicy, cinnamon-like odor. 

In some blackpowder type mixtures, especially those for mining purposes, charcoal is partially or wholly replaced by carbon black, brown coal, pitch from coal tar, coal tar itself, naphthalene, paraffin, wood bark, cellulose or wood meal, starch, resin etc. Thus mixtures are obtained with properties similar to blackpowder. Generally, however, they bum more slowly and are more difficult to ignite. 

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