Bone paste

A group of materials technologists and surgeons led by Brent Constanz of the Norian Corporation in Cupertino, California, USA developed a bone paste to be injected into bone fractures. The paste, trade name Norian SRS, hardens in minutes and thus braces broken bones. In 12 hours the material has a compression strength which equals that of natural bone. So far the material has been tested in fractures of the hip, knee, shoulder and wrist. The operations proceed faster than their traditional equivalents fewer plates and screws are necessary and the patients are able to resume their normal activities much more quickly. 

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Munigan R, Ramakrislma S (2004) Bioresorbable eomposite bone paste using polysaccharide based nano hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 25 3829-3835... 

Local anesthetic agents released from bone paste or putty can reversibly block the fast sodium channels of the neural cell membrane and prevent axonal depolarization. This leads to failure of noxious transmission and neuronal signaling within injured bone. 

R. Murugan, S. Ramakrishna, Bioresorbable composite bone paste using polysaccharide based nanohydroxyapatite. Biomaterials, 25, 3829-3835,2004. 

Murugan, R. and Ramakrishna, S. (2004). Bioresorbable composite bone paste using polysaccharide based nano hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 25 3829-35. Zhang, S. and Consalves, K.E. (1997). Preparation and characterization of thermally stable nanohydroxyapatite. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 8 25-8. 

Area repellents are materials that are intended to keep animals away from a broad area. They include predator scent such as Hon or tiger manure, blood meal, tankage such as putrefied slaughterhouse waste, bone tar oil, rags soaked in kerosene or creosote, and human hair (84). Although few controlled tests have been mn on these materials in the past, more recent investigations of predator odors have shown promise (85). 

The chitosan-bonded hydroxyapatite bone-filHng paste was made as follows. Chitosan (0.5 g) was dissolved in malic acid (0.5 g) solution made with saline, and a chitosan film was formed by mixing this solution with hydrox-... 

Once polymerisation is complete, the components of the new hip joint can be connected together and the operation completed. This surgical procedure has been very successful over the past 30 or so years and now an estimated 45 000 such operations are carried out each year in the UK alone. Similar procedures are used for the replacement of both arthritic knees and arthritic fingers, though these latter operations are less common than hip replacements. Overall considerable amounts of PMMA are used each year as bone cements for these surgical procedures. 

Katzenberg, M.A. 1992 Advances in stable isotope analysis of prehistoric bones. In Saunders, S.R. and Katzenberg, M.A., eds.. The Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples Research Methods. New York, Wiley-Liss 105-120. 

Diagenesis of the inorganic phase of cortical bone. In Price, T.D., ed.. Bone Chemistry and Past Behaviour. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 211-229. 

Van Klinken, G. J., Richards, M.P. and Hedges, R.E.M. this volume Stable isotopic variations in past European human populations environmental, ecophysiological and cultural effects. In Ambrose, S. and Katzenberg, M.A., eds.. Close to the Bone. Biogeochemical Approaches to... 

Recognition among bone-chemistry researchers that strontium enters bone in proportion to dietary levels has resulted in widely accepted yet erroneous inferences about the relationships among various elements in bone and past diet. One such inference is that more of any element in the diet translates directly to more of that element in bone. If an element is not biogenically incorporated within bone, or if biological levels are metabolically controlled, then that element will not reflect diet. A second erroneous inference is that strontium can be used to measure the dietary plant/meat ratio. Sr/Ca ratios in meat are generally lower than those of plants, but meat is also low in calcium and hence has little effect on the composition of bone. Plants, on the other hand, contribute substantially to bone composition. Variations in the strontium levels of bone thus more likely reflect differential consumption of plants rather than trophic position. Although efforts to determine plant/meat ratios from strontium and to draw dietary inferences from elements other than strontium and barium have not been successful, this failure has been due to inappropriate expectations, not to a failure of bone strontium to reflect diet. 

Advanced Seminar volume reflects the greatly expanded awareness of the importance of diet reconstruction for understanding past human health and behavior. It also reflects the growing number of applications of stable isotope and trace element analyses of bones and teeth. 

A 72 year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly check-up. He reports feeling fine over the past year. A physical examination appears normal, but the patient had an abnormal WBC count of 20 x 1 03/pL (20 x 1 09/L) with 80% (0.80) lymphocytes. The bone marrow examination reports 60% (0.60) lymphocytes, and the diagnosis of CLL is made. 

No. I can t be thinking that. I won t think it. Some trick of jet lag, or grief, or the English air of my past. I won t think it. Of course I want to show him that he ought to be at the Chantry, that he s welcome—no, more than that that he s necessary. I need to make him think there s something there for him. But I won t say that, it s too close to the bone. 

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