Breslau

Haber was born in the city of Breslau, Silesia, then part of Germany, on December 9, 1868. As the gateway to German culture for many Eastern European Jews, Breslau bred many a superpatriot, Haber included. Fritz s mother died within days of his birth. His father, a civic leader and successful trader of dyes and chemicals, rejected the child and left his upbringing to various relatives. As a young man, Fritz wanted to become a chemist, but his father insisted that he join the family business. Only after Haber achieved worldwide fame did the two reconcile. 

During the summer of 1901, Haber met Clara Immerwahr at a chemistry conference. Like Haber, Clara came from an assimilated Jewish family in Breslau. Her father was a well-to-do chemist who operated a beet sugar factory on his estate. As students, Clara and Fritz had met in a dancing class and fallen in love, but parental opposition had prevented the match. When they met again, Haber immediately proposed. 

Clara Immerwahr was not sure she was suited for marriage. At 30, she had a teaching certificate and a doctorate, the first earned by a woman at the University of Breslau. Her degree was in chemistry, and she was eager for a research career. Nonetheless, after only three days, she accepted his proposal. Otherwise, she said, one chord of my soul would lie fallow. ... 

Clara Haber reportedly pleaded with Haber to stop his poison gas work. She visited the training site for poison gas workers and was horrified by experiments conducted on animals. Early in the war, an experiment in the institute laboratory exploded moments after Haber left the room. One scientist lost his hand, and a young physicist, Otto Sackur, one of Clara s classmates at Breslau University, was killed. As Sackur lay dying, Haber stood speechless, unable to do anything but shake his head in shock. It was Clara who thought to try first aid and who ordered her friend s necktie cut away so he could breathe more easily. Haber later found a job at the institute for Sackur s daughter. 

Fritz Stern. Einstein s German World. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1999. Source for the richest English-language portrait of Haber the man. Source for Breslau patriots Virchow and Max Planck Einstein quotations help with Einstein s divorce Ostwald ignores Einstein chess and detective novels. 

Kilbey, M.M., Breslau, N., and Andreski, P. Cocaine use and dependence in young adults associated psychiatric disorders and personality traits. Drug Alcohol Depend. 29 283, 1992. 

Breslau N, Peterson EL, Schultz LR, Chilcoat HD and Andreski P (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55,... 

Steiner, R (1929) Geisteswissenschaftliche Grundlagen zum Gedeihen der Landwirtschaft. Landwirtschaftlicher Kurs. Koberwitz bei Breslau 1924. Rudolf Steiner Verlag. 7th edition, 1984, 261 pp. 

While the Luftwaffe blitzed Warsaw, the mechanized ground forces pulverized half of Poland. From East Prussia a column of tanks and heavy vehicles drove on Mlawa and Pultusk. From Breslau in central Germany the offensive had been launched toward the textile centers of Kielce and Lodz in ten days those cities were captured. 

Lothar Meyer, Die Modernen Theorien der Chemie undihre Bedeutung fur die Chemische Statik, 3d ed. (Breslau, Maruschke undBerendt, 1877), pp. 158159. 

Eistert took his doctorate at Breslau with F. Arndt and became assistant at the University of Bonn to the organic chemist P. Pfeiffer. From 1929 until the war, he worked with BASF in Ludwigshafen. After the war, he was professor of theoretical organic chemistry at the Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt. 

Frege, G. "Die Grundlagen der Arithmatik, Eine Logischmathematisce Untersuchung uber der Begriff der Zahl Marcus, Breslau 1884. 

Early adolescent smoking onset is a risk factor for severe addiction and difficulty in smoking cessation in adulthood (Breslau and Peterson 1996). Therefore, it is significant that nicotine has more potent rewarding effects in adolescent as opposed to adult rodents (Adriani et al. 2004 Belluzzi et al. 2004 Vastola et al. 2002). However, several studies suggest that adolescent rodents develop physical nicotine dependence less readily than adults, as indicated by less severe nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Unlike adult rats, continuously nicotine-infused adolescent rats failed to display mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal behaviors (O Dell et al. 2004, 2006). They also displayed less mecamylamine-precipitated conditioned place aversion than adults (O Dell etal. 2007). In addition, nicotine-infused adolescent rats experienced smaller mecamylamine-precipitated ICSS threshold elevations than adults (Kota et al. 2007). Nicotine-infused adolescent mice also displayed fewer spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated somatically expressed withdrawal behaviors... 

Arndt, F. Eistert, B. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1935, 68, 200. Fritz Arndt (1885—1969) was bom in Hamburg, Germany. He discovered the Arndt—Eistert homologation at the University of Breslau where he extensively investigated the synthesis of diazomethane and its reactions with aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides. Fritz Arndt s chain-smoking of cigars ensured that his presence in the laboratories was always well advertised. Bernd Eistert (1902-1978), bom in Ohlau, Silesia, was Arndt s Ph.D. student. Eistert later joined I. G. Earbenindustrie, which became BASE after the Allies broke the conglomerate up after WWII. 

Mannich, C. Krosche, W. Arch. Pharm. 1912, 250, 647. Carl U. F. Mannich (1877-1947) was bom in Breslau, Germany. After receiving a Ph.D. at Basel in 1903, he served on the faculties of Gottingen, Frankfurt and Berlin. Mannich synthesized many esters of p-aminobenzoic acid as local anesthetics. 

Balz, G. Schiemann. G. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1927, 60, 1186. Gunther Schiemann was bom in Breslau, Germany in 1899. In 1925, he received his doctorate at Breslau, where he became an assistant professor. In 1950, he became the Chair of Technical Chemistry at Istanbul, where he extensively studied aromatic fluorine compounds. 

The chemistry of fluorine and its compounds was for many years studied in very few laboratories indeed until about 1920 many of the important new advances came either from the Paris laboratory, in which fluorine was first isolated by Moissan, or from the laboratory of Ruff in Breslau. Ruff s school was particularly productive and many of the topics which are of interest in current research stem directly from the pioneer work carried out under his direction. 

Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Schmeidler J, Aferiat DH, Breslau I, Dolan S (2000) Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring of holocaust survivors. Am J Psychiatry 157 1252-1259... 

Concerning the comorbidity between anxiety disorders and nicotine dependence, less epidemiological research findings are available. Those studies that investigated this issue, however, argue for an association between nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders (Breslau et al. 1994 Johnson ef al. 2000 Sonntag et al. 2000). Recently published EDSP findings have shown a prospective association specifically between prior nicotine dependence panic and the development of subsequent (Isensee et al. 2003). 

Bland RC, Orn H, Newman SC (1988b) Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77(Suppl 338) 24-32 Bourdon KH, Boyd JH, Rae DS, Burns BJ, Thompson JW, Locke BZ (1988) Gender differences in phobias results of the ECA community study. J Anxiety Disord 2 227-241 Breslau N, KUbey MM, Andreski P (1994) DSM-lll-R nicotine dependence in yoimg adults prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders. Addiction 89 743-754 Bromet E, Sonnega A, Kessler RC (1998) Risk factors for DSM-lll-R posttraumatic stress disorder findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Epidemiol 147 353-361 Brown TA, Barlow DH (2002) Classification of anxiety and mood disorders. In Barlow D (ed) Anxiety and its disorders the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd edn. Guillford Press, New York, pp 292-327... 

C.Y.C. Pak, K. Sakhaee, N.H. Bell, A. Licata, C. Johnston, B. Dubin, S. Bonnick, V. Piziak, H. Graham, J. Ballard, R. Berger, W. Fears, N. Breslau, C. Rubin, B. Adams-Huet, Comparison of non- randomized trials with slow-release sodium fluoride with a randomized placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J. Bone Miner. Res. 11 (1996) 160-168. 

C.Y.C. Pak, K. Sakhaee, V. Piziak, R. Peterson, N.A. Breslau, P. Boyd, J.R. Poindexter, J. Herzog, A. Heard-Sakhaee, S. Haynes, B. Adams-Huet, J.S. Reisch, Slow-release sodium fluoride in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized controlled trial, Ann. Intern. Med. 120 (1994) 625-632. 

The Waterloo Barrier has been available commercially since 1993. Slurry Systems, Inc., of Gary, Indiana, and The C3 Group of Breslau, Ontario, Canada, are licensed to install Waterloo Barrier. The technology is the subject of several patents held by the University of Waterloo and has been used at over 25 contaminated sites in North America. 

Children and adults with PTSD commonly meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders (Breslau et ah, 1991 Goenjian et ah, 1995 Brady, 1997 De Beilis, 1997). In the adult PTSD literature, comorbidity is clearly the rule rather than the exception and multiple comorbidities are the rule within the rule. Kessler et al. (1995) provide data from interviews with over 6000 individuals ages 15-54 in the National Comorbidity Survey indicating that 88% of men and 79% of women with PTSD had at least one comorbid disorder. Affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders are the most common comorbid conditions in individuals with PTSD (Kessler et ah, 1995 Brady, 1997 Solomon and Bleich, 1998). 

Breslau, N. (1998) Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychological trauma. In Yehuda, R, ed. Risk factors for Post-traumatic stress disorder Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press pp. 1—29. 

Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., and Peterson, E. (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 216—222. 

In a great research On the method of extracting zinc from its true mineral, calamine, A. S. Marggraf in 1746 reduced calamine from Poland, England, Breslau, and Hungary with carbon in closed retorts, and obtained metallic zinc from all of them (2, 19, 53). He found the ore from Holywell to be especially rich m it. He stated that both J. H. Pott and... 

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