Breast infections

Monitor mothers suffering from breast infections during lactation for clinical improvement as judged by physical... 

The seeds of Vaccaria segetalis (Caryophyllaceae) have been used to stimulate blood flow and promote milk secretion, and also to treat amenorrhea and breast infections in China (224). Extraction and purification of chemical constituents showing follicle hormonic activity led to the isolation of the new, bioactive cyclic peptides segetalins A-H (322-329) (225-228). Some segetalins showed potent estrogen-like activity. Although some cyclic peptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin show hormone activities, none show estrogen-like activity. 

Traditional use In Chinese medicine, the seeds are used as an analgesic, to stimulate milk let-down, to promote diuresis, to activate blood circulation, relieve carbuncles, and to treat amenorrhea and breast infections. It is also used in ointments, which are used for treating skin diseases (eczema and psoriasis). In Central Asia, a plaster of the herb is used to treat tumors and as an analgesic (Khalmatov 1964 Morita et al. 1997b Sang et al. 2000). 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

The uses of the various anabolic steroids include management of anemia of renal insufficiency, control of metastatic breast cancer in women, and promotion of weight gain in those with weight loss after surgery, trauma, or infections. Stanozolol is used prophylactically... 

Lee EJ, Kantor R, Zijenah L, Sheldon W, Emel L, Mateta P, Johnston E, Wells J, Shetty AK, Coovadia H et al. (2005) Breast-mUk shedding of drug-resistant HIV-1 subtype C in women exposed to single-dose nevirapine. J Infect Dis 192 1260-1264... 

Retroviruses Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) Spherical enveloped virus lOOnm in diameter, icosahedral cores contain two copies of linear RNA molecules and reverse transcriptase HTI.V is spread inside infected lymphocytes in blood, semen or breast milk. Most infections remain asymptomatic but after an incubation period of 10-40 years in about 2% of cases, adult T-cell leukaemia can result... 

Humoral antibodies of the IgG elass are able to eross the placenta flxm mother to fetus. These antibodies will provide passive proteetion of the new-born against those diseases which involve humoral immunity and to which the mother is immune. In this fashion, new-born infants in the UK have passive proteetion against tetanus but not against tuberculosis which requires cell-mediated immunity. Seeretory antibodies are also passed to the new-born together with the first deliveries of breast milk (colostrum). Such antibodies provide some passive protection against infections of the gastrointestinal tract. 

In broilers of modern fast growing, meat production genotypes, most deaths are due to sudden heart failure and parasite infections (see also Chapter 12). Also such genotypes suffer from leg disorders (perosis, tibial dyschondroplasia, etc.) and muscle diseases to such an extent that they have difficulty in walking normally. They are thought to suffer severe pain and consequently spend much longer lying down. This in turn may lead to serious breast blisters. 

Thus, oxygen radical production by leukocytes can be responsible for cancer development. However, the levels of leukocyte oxygen radical generation depend on the type of cancer. For example, PMNs and monocytes from peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer produced a diminished amount of superoxide [169], Timoshenko et al. [170] observed the reduction of superoxide production in bronchial carcinoma patients after the incubation of neutrophils with concanavalin A or human lectin, while neutrophils from breast cancer patients exhibited no change in their activity. Chemotherapy of lung and colorectal carcinoma patients also reduced neutrophil superoxide production. Human ALL and AML cells produced, as a rule, the diminished amounts of superoxide in response to PMA or FMLP [171], On the other hand total SOD activity was enhanced in AML cells but diminished in ALL cells, while MnSOD in AML cells was very low. It has been proposed that decreased superoxide production may be responsible for susceptibility to infections in cancer patients. 

Perinatal infection, or vertical transmission, is the most common cause of pediatric HIV infection. The risk of mother-to-child transmission is approximately 25% in the absence of breast-feeding or antiretroviral therapy. Breast-feeding can also transmit HIV. 

Risk factors contributing to increased incidence of otitis media include the winter season, attendance at a daycare center, non-breast-feeding in infants, aboriginal or Inuit origin, early age at first infection, and nasopharyngeal colonization with middle ear pathogens. 

Direct person-to-person spread of brucellosis is extremely rare. Mothers who are breast-feeding may transmit the infection to their infants. Sexual transmission has also been reported. For both sexual and breast-feeding transmission, if the infant or person at risk is treated for brucellosis, their risk of becoming infected wiil probably be eliminated vwthin 3 days. Although uncommon, transmission may also occur via contaminated tissue transplantation. 

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