Brain neocortex

Effects of a low dose of dietary resveratrol that partially mimics caloric restriction and retards aging parameters in mice were investigated [82]. Mice from middle age (14-months) to old age (30-months) were fed with control diet (84kcal/mouse/week), diet with low-dose trans-resveratrol (4.9mg/kg feed/day), or energy restricted (CR 63kcal/mouse/week) diet and their genome-vfide transcriptional profiles were evaluated. A transcriptional overlap of CR and resveratrol was found in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain neocortex. Both dietary interventions inhibited gene expression... 

Rg. 3 Visualization of the rat brain (neocortex) microglia using confocal laser miaoscopy (orthogonal projection of 15 pm z-stack). Confocal laser microscope LSM 710 (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Ibal -immunocytochemistry, fluorescence visualization using Cy3... 

Hi-receptors in the adrenal medulla stimulates the release of the two catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline as well as enkephalins. In the heart, histamine produces negative inotropic effects via Hr receptor stimulation, but these are normally masked by the positive effects of H2-receptor stimulation on heart rate and force of contraction. Histamine Hi-receptors are widely distributed in human brain and highest densities are found in neocortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and posterior hypothalamus where they predominantly excite neuronal activity. Histamine Hrreceptor stimulation can also activate peripheral sensory nerve endings leading to itching and a surrounding vasodilatation ( flare ) due to an axonal reflex and the consequent release of peptide neurotransmitters from collateral nerve endings. 

Highest concentrations of MOPs are found in the thalamus, caudate, neocortex in the brain, but the receptors are also present in gastrointestinal tract, immune cells, and other peripheral tissues. 

In the brain, autoradiography has shown that Pi- and )S2-adrenoceptors have quite distinct distributions. Thus, approximately 60% of the )S-adrenoceptors in the neocortex are of the jSi-subtype while, in the cerebellum, it is the )S2-subtype that... 

Altar, C.A., and Hauser, K. Topography of substantia nigra innervation by Di receptor-containing striatal neurons. Brain Res 410 1-11, 1987. Arushanian, E.B., and Belozertsev, Y.A. The effect of amphetamine and caffeine on the neuronal activity of the neocortex. Neuropharmacology 17 1-6, 1978. 

ME. Correspondence between 5-HT2 receptors and serotonergic axons in rat neocortex. Brain Res 453 315-328, 1988b. 

Textbooks on neuroscience often describe the location and function of hundreds of individual brain regions (see references above). However, for current purposes these will be kept to a minimum (Figure 2.1). Anatomically, the brain can be subdivided into the forebrain containing the telencephalon and diencephalon, the midbrain or mesencephalon and the hindbrain (metencephalon and myelencephalon). The telencephalon includes the left and right cerebral hemispheres encompassed by the cerebral cortex (neocortex). Cortex is a translation of the word bark and is so-called because its surface, made up of numerous sulci (grooves or invaginations) and gyri (raised areas), is on the outer surface of the brain like the bark of a tree. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes, named from the front (rostral) to back (caudal) of the brain frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital. 

LTP has been shown in many parts of the brain but it has been most extensively studied in the hippocampus, a phy-logenetically old part of the cerebral cortex that in humans is embedded in the temporal horn and in rats and rabbits lies beneath the parietal and temporal neocortex (Fig. 15-3A). The hippocampus is essential for (declarative) memory formation in rats the role of hippocampus in acquisition of spatial information has been studied in... 

AC7 is found in several tissues, with highest levels in lung and spleen, moderate levels in heart, and low levels in brain, kidney and skeletal muscle [13, 14]. In brain, the highest levels are found in cerebellar granule cells, while lower levels are seen in hippocampus, neocortex and striatum. AC9 is expressed in brain and skeletal muscle but also displays widespread distribution in other tissues. The soluble isoform sAC is enriched in testes but is also found in other tissues. 

FIGURE 29-5 In the adult rodent brain, dividing cells in the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle migrate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and differentiate into olfactory neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). This is one site of neuronal turnover in the adult that appears to result from persistent generation of neurons from adult CNS stem cells. CIS, cerebellum NC, neocortex. 

Figure 1. Mean group size for individual primate genera plotted against relative neocortex size. The index of relative neocortex size used here is the ratio of neocortex volume to the volume of the rest of the brain. In most cases, each genus is represented by a single species. Source Dunbar 1992, with brain part volumes from Stephan et al. 1980.

Both anandamide and 2-AG are inactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis (Goparaju et al. 1998). Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that catalyses their hydrolysis. High concentrations of FAAH were found in the cerebellum, hippocampus and neocortex of rat brain, which are also rich in cannabinoid receptors. Further, there is a complementary pattern of distribution of FAAH and the CBl receptor. For example, in the cerebellum, FAAH is found in the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and the CBl receptor is found in the axons of granule cells and basket cells, which are presynaptic to Purkinje cells. 2-AG may also be inactivated by direct esterification into membrane phospholipids. Cannabinoid Receptors... 

Neocortex but widely distributed in the mammalian brain Agonists DOI, DOB... 

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