Neocortex

Absence Epilepsies are a group of epileptic syndromes typically starting in childhood or adolescence and characterized by a sudden lack of attention and mild automatic movements for some seconds to minutes. Absence epilepsies are generalized, i.e. the whole neocortex shifts into a state of sleep-like oscillations. 

Hi-receptors in the adrenal medulla stimulates the release of the two catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline as well as enkephalins. In the heart, histamine produces negative inotropic effects via Hr receptor stimulation, but these are normally masked by the positive effects of H2-receptor stimulation on heart rate and force of contraction. Histamine Hi-receptors are widely distributed in human brain and highest densities are found in neocortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and posterior hypothalamus where they predominantly excite neuronal activity. Histamine Hrreceptor stimulation can also activate peripheral sensory nerve endings leading to itching and a surrounding vasodilatation ( flare ) due to an axonal reflex and the consequent release of peptide neurotransmitters from collateral nerve endings. 

Highest concentrations of MOPs are found in the thalamus, caudate, neocortex in the brain, but the receptors are also present in gastrointestinal tract, immune cells, and other peripheral tissues. 

A high concentration of DOPs is found in the olfactory bulb, the neocortex, caudate putamen, and in the spinal cord, but they are also present in the gastrointestinal tract and other peripheral tissues. The functional roles of DOP are less clearly established than for MOP they may have a role in analgesia, gastrointestinal motility, mood and behaviour as well as in cardiovascular regulation [2]. 

Marin-Padilla M (1998) Cajal-Retzius cells and the development of the neocortex. Trends Neurosci 21 64-71... 

Reznikov K, Hauser KF, Nazarevskaja G, Trunova Y, Derjabin V, BakaUdn G (1999) Opioids modulate cell division in the germinal zone of the late embryonic neocortex. Eur J Neurosd 11 2711-2719... 

Tripathi A, Khurshid N, Kumar P, Iyengar S (2008) Expression of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing human neocortex. Neurosci Res 61 257-270... 

In the brain, autoradiography has shown that Pi- and )S2-adrenoceptors have quite distinct distributions. Thus, approximately 60% of the )S-adrenoceptors in the neocortex are of the jSi-subtype while, in the cerebellum, it is the )S2-subtype that... 

Gupta, A, Wang, Y and Markram, H (2000) Organizing principles for a diversity of GABAergic interneurons and synapses in the neocortex. Science 287 213-218. 

Altar, C.A., and Hauser, K. Topography of substantia nigra innervation by Di receptor-containing striatal neurons. Brain Res 410 1-11, 1987. Arushanian, E.B., and Belozertsev, Y.A. The effect of amphetamine and caffeine on the neuronal activity of the neocortex. Neuropharmacology 17 1-6, 1978. 

ME. Correspondence between 5-HT2 receptors and serotonergic axons in rat neocortex. Brain Res 453 315-328, 1988b. 

Mamounas, L.A., and Molliver, M.E. Evidence for dual serotonergic projections to neocortex Axons from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are differentially vulnerable to the neurotoxin p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Exp Neurol 102 23-36, 1988. 

Fig. 5.5(b) Single unit responses in neocortex of dog effect of N-P duct closure [= columns] on response to conspecific odours. Ou = own urine, Of = own faeces, Su = strange urine, Sf = strange faeces, and C. = dry food for dog (from Onoda et al., 1981). 

Alzheimer s disease Neocortex, hippocampus (J Peptide 4R, 3R tau Diffuse and senile plaques,... 

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