Brain in vivo

In order to circumvent the difficulties of maintaining known, constant dmg concentrations in the brain in vivo, the hippocampal slice preparation was adapted to study the acute anatomic effects of psychotropic dmgs. This method was implemented in conjunction with Drs. K. Stratton and... 

Schwartz, J.-C., Lampart, C. Rose, C. (1972). Histamine formation in rat brain in vivo effects of histidine loads. J. Neurochem. 19, 801-10. 

Chergui K., Suaud-Chagny M. F., Gonon F. (1994). Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow, dopamine release and dopamine elimination in the rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience 62(3), 641-5. 

Moore GJ, Hasanat K, Chen G, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Wilds IB, Faulk MW, Koch S, Jolkovsky L, Manji HK. Lithium Increases N-Acetyl-Aspartate in the Human Brain In Vivo Evidence in Support of bcl-2 s Neurotrophic Effects. Biol Psychiatry 2000 48 1-8. 

Fitzpatrick, S. M., Hetherington, H. P, Behar, K. L. etal. The flux from glucose to glutamate in the rat brain in vivo as determined by H-observed, 13C-edited NMR spectroscopy. /. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2 170-179,1990. 

Itoh, Y., Esaki, T., Shimoji, K. etal. Dichloroacetate effects on glucose and lactate oxidation by neurons and astroglia in vitro and on glucose utilization by brain in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 4879-84, 2003. 

Y. Nomura and M. Tamura. Quantitative analysis of hemoglobin oxygenation state of rat brain in vivo by picosecond time-resolved spectrophotometry. Journal of Biochemistry, 109 455-461, 1991. 

Hong JS, Herr DW, Hudson PM, et al. 1986. Neurochemical effects of DDT in rat brain in vivo. Arch Toxicol Suppl 9 14-26. 

Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas N, King P, MacGregor R, Shea C, Garza V, Gatley SJ (1998a) An acute dose of nicotine does not inhibit MAO B in baboon brain in vivo. Life Sci 63 L19-L23... 

In conclusion, the use of an immunoliposome-based drug delivery system allows for targeted delivery of a small molecule such as daunomycin or plasmids to the rat brain in vivo. Further experiments will be needed to clarify the subcellular routes and compartments involved in the transcytosis mechanism, as well as the eventual release mechanism in the target cell. 

I.L. Kwee, H. Igarashi, T. Nakada, Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities in diabetic brain In vivo kinetic studies using F-19 3-FDG NMR in rats, Neuroreport 7 (1996) 726-728. 

Moore, G.J., Bebchuk, J.M., Hasanat, K., Chen, G., Seraji-Bozorgzad, N., Wilds, I.B., Faulk, M.W., Koch, S., Glitz, D.A., Jolkovsky, L., and Manji, H.K. (2000b) Lithium increases5N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2 s neurotrophic effects Biol Psychiatry 48 1-8. 

K. D. Merboldt, D. Chien, W. Hanicke, M. L. Gyngell, H. Bruhn and J. Frahm, Localized P NMR spectroscopy of the adult human brain in vivo using stimulate-echo (STEAM) sequences. J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 89,343-361. 

M. Ulrich, T. Wokrina, G. Ende, M. Lang and P. Bachert, P- H Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of the human brain in vivo. Magn. Reson. Med., 2007, 57, 784-790. 

The last two decades have seen the introduction of several distinct functional imaging techniques that can be used to investigate centrally active compounds working in the brain in vivo. These techniques provide windows through which to observe phenomena in the intact and fully functional central nervous system. When applied to studies with human volunteers or patients one can obtain information that cannot be extrapolated from animal models, and from areas such as the brain and neurotransmitter systems that would otherwise be inaccessible in vivo. When combined with peripheral measurements and objective and subjective assessments of behavior, these methods can be used to explore how psychopharmaceuticals influence central nervous svtem activity and behavior. Moreover, compounds with a known mechanism of action can be employed as tools to understand how different elements of the central nervous system work. 

Fowler, Joanna S., Nora D. Volkow, Alfred P. Wolf, Stephen L. Dewey, David J. Schlyer, Robert R. Macgregor, Robert Hitzemann, Jean Logan, Bernard Ben-driem, S. John Gatley, and David Christman. 1989. "Mapping Cocaine Binding Sites in Human and Baboon Brain in Vivo." Synapse 4 371-77. 

Buist, R. Kroeker, S. Peeling, J. Temperature dependence of the creatine kinase reaction measured in rat brain in vivo by 31P NMR saturation transfer. Can. J. Chem., 77, 1887-1891 (1999)... 

DVA, DNA fragmentation, Sprague-Dawley rat brain in vivo + 27.5 ivx 1 Robbiano Brambilla... 

Terpstra M. and Gruetter R. (2004). 1H NMR detection of vitamin C in human brain in vivo. Magn Reson. Med. 51 225-229. 

The temporal appearance of myelin-related lipids and enzymes in the cultures of dissociated fetal mouse brain cells mimics the temporal development of these parameters in normal mouse or rat brain (12, 5, 29, 28). The types of myelin-related lipids and the order of magnitude of the activities of the enzymes producing some of these lipids are the same as those found in brain in vivo (30, 29, 28). 

MPTP decreases glutathione levels and increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and the degree of lipid peroxidation in mouse brain slices in vitro and increases the levels of reactive oxygen species in mouse brain in vivo. MPTP neurotoxicity in vitro is reduced by glutathione. In vitro studies have shown that MPP neurotoxicity can be reduced by vitamin E, vitamin C, coenzyme Q, and mannitol (but not by superoxide dismutase, catalase, allopurinol, or dimethyl sulfoxide). P-Carotene, vitamin C, and /V-acctylcystcine partially protect against the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in mice, as do nicotinamide, coenzyme Q, and the free-radical spin trap A-tert-butyl-a-(sulfophenyl) nitrone. 

Maayan, R., Fisch, B., Galdor, M., Kaplan, B., Shinnar, N., Kinor, N., Zeldich, E., Valevski, A., and Weizman, A. (2004). Influence of 17beta-estradiol on the synthesis of reduced neurosteroids in the brain [in vivo) and in glioma cells (in vitro) Possible relevance to mental disorders in women. Brain Res. 1020, 167-172. 

Haskew-Layton, R. E., Rudkouskaya, A., Jin, Y., Feustel, P. J., Kimelberg, H. K., and Mongin, A. A. (2008). Two distinct modes of hypoosmotic medium-induced release of excitatory amino adds and taurine in the rat brain in vivo. PLoS ONE 3, e3543. 

Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, Mason NR, Molloy BR. Effect of l-(m-trifluoro-methylphenyl)-piperazine on 3H-serotonin binding to membranes from rat brain in vitro and on serotonin turnover in rat brain in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1978 52 11-16. 

Michaelis T, Merboldt K, Bruhn H, Hanicke W, Frahm J (1993) Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo quantification of localized proton MR spectra. Radiology 187 219-227... 

Trabesinger AH, Weber OM, Due CO, Boesiger P. 1999. Detection of glutathione in the human brain in vivo by means of double quantum coherence filtering. Magn Reson Med 42 283-289. 

Maidment NT, Brumbaugh DR, Rudolph VD, Erdelyi E, Evans CJ (1989) Microdialysis of extracellular endogenous opioid peptides from rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience 33 549-557. 

In vitro, many kinases can phosphorylate tau, but it is very difficult to establish the equivalent in the brain in vivo and to define exactly which kinases are responsible... 

Piantadosi, C.A., 8ylvia, A.L., Johsis, F.F. (1983). Cyanide-induced cytochrome a3 oxidation-reduction responses in rat brain in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 72 1224-33. 

Sawada, Y., Hiraga, S., Francis, B. (1990). Kinetic analysis of 3-quinuclidinyl 4-[125I]iodobenzilate transport and specific binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain in vivo implications for human studies. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10 781-807. 

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