Central nervous system function

Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a 38-amino acid peptide (PACAP-38), which is widely expressed in the central nervous system. PACAP is most abundant in the hypothalamus. It is also found in the gastrointestinal tract, the adrenal gland and in testis. Its central nervous system functions are ill-defined. In the periphery, PACAP has been shown to stimulate catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla and to regulate secretion from the pancreas. Three G-protein coupled receptors have been shown to respond to PACAP, PAQ (PACAP type I) specifically binds PACAP, VPACi and VPAC2 also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide (VDP). Activation of PACAP receptors results in a Gs-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase. 

Numerous factors, many of them poorly understood, are involved in the development of HE. In severe hepatic disease, systemic circulation bypasses the liver, so many of the substances normally metabolized by the liver remain in the systemic circulation and accumulate to toxic levels. In excess, these metabolic by-products, especially nitrogenous waste, cause alterations in central nervous system functioning.20... 

Obstacle Course Speed (Fig. 39) was degraded as with most of the other tasks. In general, however, with centrally more potent drags, physical proficiency seems to depend less on higher central nervous system functions. Grenade Hits (Fig. 40) showed more variability, probably because the sample of performance was limited to only six grenades. Surveillance (Fig. 41) was tested only for the first few hours. 

Central Nervous System Function of az Receptor Subtypes... 

Chemically, arsenic is complex in that it can exist in a variety of forms including trivalent and pentavalent or as arsenic trioxide (computer chip manufacture) and arsenic acid. Arsenic is excreted in skin cells, sweat, hair, and fingernails, which can be seen as white transverse bands. Acute exposure to arsenic results in gastrointestinal pain, sensory loss, cardiovascular failure, and death. Chronic exposure or survival of acute exposure can cause loss of peripheral sensory function and loss of central nervous system function. Chronic arsenic exposure can also cause cancer of the lung and skin (see the chapter on arsenic). 

Most anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic drugs produce dose-dependent depression of central nervous system function. The ideal anxiolytic drug should calm the patient without causing too much daytime sedation and drowsiness and without producing physical or psycho-... 

Axonal conduction of action potentials was unaffected but the postsyntaptic potential of flight muscle fibers was prolonged. Central nervous system functions were affected but its exact mode of action remains unknown (2). 

Drug interactions Proleukin may affect central nervous system function. Therefore interactions could occur following concomitant administration of psychotropic drugs. Concurrent administration of drugs possessing nephrotoxic, myelotoxic, cardiotoxic, or hepatotoxic effects with Proleukin may increase toxicity in these organ systems. Reduced kidney and liver function secondary to Proleukin treatment may delay elimination of concomitant medications and increase the risk of adverse events from those drugs. Beta-blockers and other antihypertensives may potentiate the hypotension seen with Proleukin. 

The physiologic significance of endogenous modulators of the functions of GABA in the central nervous system remains unclear. To date, it has not been established that the putative endogenous ligands of BZ binding sites play a role in the control of states of anxiety, sleep patterns, or any other characteristic behavioral expression of central nervous system function. 

Disadvantages of the benzodiazepines include the risk of dependence, depression of central nervous system functions, and amnestic effects. In addition, the benzodiazepines exert additive central nervous system depression when administered with other drugs, including ethanol. The patient should be warned of this possibility to avoid impairment of performance of any task requiring mental alertness and motor coordination. In the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders and certain phobias, newer antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), are now considered by many authorities to be drugs of first choice (see Chapter 30). 

Taupin, P. (2005). Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system functionality and potential clinical interest. Med SciMonit, 11, RA247-52. 

We conclude that exposure to lead in childhood is associated with deficits in central nervous system functioning that persist into young adulthood. 

Beardsley, P.M. and Kelly, T.H., Acute effects of cannabis on human behavior and central nervous system function, in The Health Effects of Cannabis, Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W., and Smart, R., Eds., Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, 1999, 127. 

Lobo RA, Gibbons WE. The role of progestin therapy in breast disease and central nervous system function. J Reprod Med 1982 27(Suppl 8) 515-21. 

S E ROTO NIN An important neurotransmitter in the brain that regulates mood, appetite, sensory perception, and other central nervous system functions. 

Hanninen H, Matikainen E, Kovala T, et al. 1994. Internal load of aluminum and the central nervous system function of aluminum welders. Scand J Work Environ Health 20 279-285. 

The BZs are frankly brain-disabling drugs. Much like alcohol, their clinical effect is no different from their toxic effect—a continuum of suppression of neuronal function, leading eventually to sleep or coma. The sought-after reduction of anxiety or induction of sleep is the direct result of impaired central nervous system function. 

Lesch M, Nyhan WL (1964) A familial disorder of uric acid metabolism and central nervous system function. Am J Med 36 561-570. 

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