Botrytis

Botanical gums Botanicals Botrilex Botrytis cinerea Botrytis spp. 

The stmcture of the nucleotide antibiotic, phosmidosine (185), isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptomjces sp. RK-16 has been elucidated (282). Phosmidosine inhibits pore formation of Botrytis cinerea 2mBA.spergillus niger... 

Patchoulol is transformed by Botrytis cinerea to a number of products principally to those involving hydroxylation at the C-5 and C-7 quaternary atoms (Aleu et al. 1999) (Figure 7.45c). 

An illustration of the plethora of reactions that may occur is afforded by the transformation of caryophyllene oxide by Botrytis cinerea. Although most of the reactions were hydrox-ylations or epoxidations, two involved transannular reactions (a) between the C4-epoxide oxygen and Cy and (b) between the C4-epoxide and C13 with formation of a caryolane (Figure 7.47) (Duran et al. 1999). 

FIGURE 7.47 Transformation of caryophyllene oxide by Botrytis cinerea. 

Aleu 1, JR Hanson, RH Galan, IG Collado (1999) Biotransformation of the fnngistatic sesqniterpenoid patchonlol by Botrytis cinerea. J NatProd 62 437-440. 

Salinas J (1992) Function of cutinolytic enzymes in the infection of Gerbera flowers by Botrytis cinerea. PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht... 

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis subvar. italica (broccoli)... 

Fig. 20. Schematics of two clear-cut examples exhibiting opposite localization of bluelight photoreceptors for tropic responses, as obtained by polarized bluelight. Left, spore of the imperfect fungus Botrytis cinera-, right, spore of the fern Osmunda cinnamonea. The transition dipole moments are indicated by short fat lines (dots in front view)95)...

Glucoiberin 4-methyl- sulfinylpropyl Broccoli Brassica oleracea botrytis asparagoides), Brussels sprouts B. oleracea gemmifera), cabbage (B. oleracea capitata)... 

Llorach R, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA and Ferreres F. 2003. Valorization of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) by-products as a source of antioxidant phenolics. J Agric Food Chem 51 (8) 2181—2187. 

Botrytis Raspberries, strawberries, grapes, kiwifruit, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, carrots, lettuce, peas, and beans ... 

Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray mold disease in more than 200 host plants. This necrotrophic fungus displays the capacity to kill host cells through the production of toxins and reactive oxygen species and the induction of a plant-produced oxidative burst. Thanks to an arsenal of degrading enzymes, B. cinerea is then able to feed on various plant tissues (Choquer and others 2007). 

Choquer M, Fournier L, Kunz C, Levis C, Pradier JM, Simon A and Viaud M. 2007. Botrytis cinerea virulence factors new insights into a necrotrophic and polyphageous pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 277(1) 1—10. 

A role of the carboxyl group of the substrate and the amino group of the enzyme in the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex was assumed by Nyeste and coworkers142 on the basis of an effect of blocking the amino groups of the D-galacturonanase of Botrytis cinerea. 

All the pectin lyases so far described are of fungal origin and are secreted extracellularly. Production of pectin lyase by Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici was induced by pectate with D-glucose,265 pectin showing a lower inductive effect.231... 

Various plants sprayed with 0.25 kg fenvalerate/ha all had measurable residues 7 days after application, and nondetectable residues 15 to 30 days after treatment (Jain etal. 1979). Washing plants in cold water to remove the pesticide was effective only on the initial day of application, removing 30 to 50%. Afterward, only 3 to 13% could be removed by washing. Cooking removed 71 to 88% of the fenvalerate residues on the initial day of treatment but in later samplings, removal was 68 to 70% in spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and tomatoes, and 38 to 40% in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) (Jain et al. 1979). 

Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea botrytis, initial deposit of 0.86 mg/kg FW Initial deposit degraded to 0.3 mg/kg in 7 days, and was ND in 15 days 4... 

Microbial transformations of ellipticine (15) and 9-methoxyellipticine (16) were reported by Chien and Rosazza (143, 144). Of 211 cultures screened for their abilities to transform 9-methoxyellipticine (16), several, including Botrytis alii (NRRL 2502), Cunninghamella echinulata (NRRL 1386), C. echinulata (NRRL 3655), and Penicillium brevi-compactum (ATCC 10418), achieved O-demethylation of 16 in good yield (Scheme 9). P. brevi-compactum was used to prepare 9-hydroxyellipticine (22) from the methoxylated precursor, and 150 mg of product was obtained from 400 mg of starting material (37% yield). The structure of the metabolite was confirmed by direct comparison with authentic 9-hydroxyellipticine (143). O-Demethylation is a common microbial metabolic transformation with 16 and many other alkaloids (143). Meunier et al. have also demonstrated that peroxidases catalyze the O-demethylation reaction with 9-methoxyellipticine (145). 

Ellipticine, 9-methoxy- O-Demethylation Cunninghamella (2), Penicillium, Botrytis. 143... 

C. Hebert, M.T. Charles, L. Gauthier, C. WiUemot, S.Khanizadeh and J. Cousineau, Strawberry proanthocyanidins biochemical markers for Botrytis cinerea resistance and shelf-life predictability. Acta Florticult. 567 (2002) 659-662. 

Penicillium in cheese or cheese casings, green coffee dust, Botrytis cinerea on grapes, Aspergillus oryzae in soy sauce, grain weevils, carmine... 

Botrytis Gray Mold and superficial scald in pears... 

B. Williamson, B. A. Goodman, J. A. Chudek and D. J. Johnston, Recent Advances in Botrytis Research-Proceedings of the International Botrytis Symposium, K. Verhoeff, N. E. Malathrakis and B. Williamson, eds., Heraklion, Greece, 1992, 140. 

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