Boston cohort study

Nonetheless, the inverse relationship between unsaturated fat and CVD is supported by the results from prospective cohort studies such as the Ireland-Boston Diet Heart Study (Kushi et al., 1985) and the Nurses Health Study (Hu et al., 1997) and long-term intervention studies such as the Los Angeles Veteran Study and the Finnish Mental Hospital Study (Dayton et al., 1965 Turpeinen et al., 1979). In the Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study (Singh et al., 2002) and the Lyon Diet Heart Study (de Lorgeril et al., 1999), a diet high in unsaturated fat and complex carbohydrates were proven to be potent to reduce coronary events. It has been difficult to prove a clear relationship between saturated fat and future cardiovascular events in prospective cohort studies, and this is highlighted by the recent meta-analysis described below. 

Spiegleman D Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA Measurement error in occupational cohort studies NCI... 

The prospective Boston Home Allergens and Asthma Study [192(IIIC)] was a birth cohort study which followed 448 infants, at high risk for atopy, from birth to 5 years. This study excluded children who were treated with antibiotics for wheezing. There was no association between antibiotic use and asthma, allergic rhinitis or eczema at age 5. 

Endotoxin is part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, found ubiquitously in nature, being present in most indoor environments as a constituent of house dust. It has been suggested that endotoxin levels increase where animals are kept indoors and it seems noteworthy that two recent cross-sectional studies have shown a protective effect of early exposure to cats and dogs on the development of IgE sensitisation [146(111), 208(IIIC)]. However in a prospective birth cohort study in Boston a reduced risk of wheezing was shown in children whose mothers did not have asthma, but an increased risk in children whose mothers had asthma [209(IIIC)]. 

Initiated in 1949 in Framingham, Massachusetts, a small town 20 miles from Boston, the study served as a model for all the cohort studies that came after it. The study enlisted and followed more than 5,000... 

Prospective cohort studies were not able to relate vitamin C with lens opacities. In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, plasma ascorbic acid was not inversely associated with risk, but vitamin E was (Vitale et al., 1993). In the Women s Health Study and the Physicians Health Study of Harvard University, Boston, vitamin C intake did not show a meaningful relationship to risk (Hankinson et al., 1992 Seddon et al., 1994). A modest reduction in risk was found with multivitamin use in men. Also the Italian-American Cataract Study Group (1991) did not find a significant reduction in risk for any nutrient studied, including vitamin C. 

Costello J. 1983. Mortality of metal miners a retrospective cohort and case control study. In Wagner WL, Rom WN, Merchant JA, eds. Health issues related to metal and nonmetallic mining. Boston,... 

OR 0.44, p=0.04). Another study of 480 patients demonstrated that patients with major strokes secondary to PAO classified according to the Boston Acute Stroke Imaging Scale or BASIS accounted for all the deaths, had longer ICU and hospital stays, and were more likely to be discharged to a rehabilitation facility (all outcomes, p< 0.0001) [29]. Although major strokes comprised less than one third of the cohort, they accounted for 60% of the total in-hospital costs. 

The committee identified one study of an important and specific clinical outcome—incident ischemic heart disease—and four studies of cardiovascular mortality. Jain et al. (2007) examined the association between bone lead and incidence of ischemic heart disease (myocardial irrfarction or angina pectoris) in a prospective cohort of veterans in the Boston, Massachirsetts, area (Normative Aging Study 83 cases and 754 noncases) with 10 years of followup. The mean (SD) concentrations of baseline BLL, patella lead, arrd tibia lead were 7.0 (3.8) pg/dL, 36.8 (20.8) pg/g, and 24.2 (15.9) pg/g in cases arrd 6.2 (4.3) pg/dL, 30.6 (19.7) pg/g, and 21.4 (13.6) pg/g in noncases, respectively. SD increases in BLL and patella lead were significantly associated with a 27% (95% Cl of hazard ratio [HR] 1.01, 1.59) and a 29% (95% Cl of HR 1.02, 1.62) increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Compared with srrbjects who had BLLs under 5 pg/dL, those who had BLLs of 5 pg/dL or higher had an HR of 1.73 (95% Cl 1.05, 2.87). Weisskopf et al. (2009) conducted a strrvival analysis of mortality in the same cohort (an average of 8.9 years of followup) and found that men in the highest tertile of patella lead had HRs of 2.52 (95% Cl 1.17, 5.41) for all causes, 5.63 (95% Cl 1.73, 18.3) for cardiovascular disease, and 8.37 (95% Cl 1.29, 54.4) for ischemic heart disease. Baseline BLLs were not associated with cardiovascular mortality. 

The Boston Study is a prospective evaluation of a cohort representing children bom in 1979—1980 who can be characterized as from relatively... 

A second U.S. study cohort evaluated prospectively for lead versus neu-rocognitive and neurobehavioral relationships was that in the Cincinnati Lead Study. Pregnant women and the later prospective child cohort recruited into this study had relatively high PbB levels and correspondingly lower SES characteristics than individuals in the Boston group. The principal prospectively monitored outcomes for general neurocognitive development in this study series are contained in multiple reports Dietrich et al. (1987, 1991, 1992, 1993) and Ris et al. (2004). 

Several pooled analysis and meta-analysis studies for multiple cross-sectional (meta-analysis) and prospective (pooled analysis) cohort evaluations have been published. Lanphear et al. (2005) reported on a pooled analysis of seven of eight longitudinal studies in the hterature that followed children until at least 5 years of age. Various criteria were employed for inclusion, such as complete analyses for covariates. The final sample size was more than 1,300 children drawn from the following cohorts Boston, MA Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Rochester, NY Mexico City, Mexico Port Pirie, Australia and Kosovo, former Yugoslavia. Various forms of the exposure measure were included concurrent, maximum, hfetime average, and early childhood PbB. The psychometric outcome was full scale IQ. Within the combined data points for exposures, a subset of 103 children had maximum PbB < 7.5 jig/dl. 

Epigenetic study subset of the NAS cohort, Boston, MA N=517 DNA methylation markers Alu, long-interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1) PbB = 4.1 xg/dl patellar Pb = 27.4 ppm tibial Pb = 20.5 Patellar Pb inversely associated with LINE-1 no association with either methylation marker for tibia Pb, PbB Wright et al. (2010)... 

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