Bone marrow, polymorphonuclear

WBC differential (bone marrow) Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) 3-11 %... 

Terashima T, English D, Hogg JC, van Eeden SF. Release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the bone marrow by interleukin-8. Blood 1998 92 1062-1069. 

The IL-ls induce their characteristic biological activities by binding to specific cell surface receptors present on sensitive cells. Two distinct receptors, type I and II, have been identified. Both IL-la and IL-ip can bind both receptors. The type I receptor is an 80 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein. It is a member of the IgG superfamily. This receptor is expressed predominantly on fibroblasts, keratinocytes, hepatocytes and endothelial cells. The type II receptor is a 60 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed mainly on B-lymphocytes, bone marrow cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It displays a very short (29 amino acid) intracellular domain,... 

In comparison to GM-CSF, G-CSF is more lineage specific. A primary effect of G-CSF is to promote the conversion of granulocyte colony-forming units into polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mice that lack G-CSF have chronic neutropenia and reduced bone marrow myeloid precursors and progenitors. They also have a markedly impaired capacity to increase neutrophil and monocyte counts after infection. 

There are three different kinds of lymphocytes that have specific functions T cells, B cells and NK cells. T cells develop in the thymus while B cells develop in the adult bone marrow. The thymus and the bone marrow are the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes acquire specific cell surface receptors that give them the ability to recognize antigens. NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow. The phagocytes are made up of either monocytes (macrophages) or polymorphonuclear granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. 

The cells of the immune system are formed from pluripotent stem cells produced in the bone marrow. These stem cells undergo a sequence of cellular differentiations to form B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. 

Altman, A. J. and Stossel, T. P. (1974) Functional immaturity of bone marrow bands and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Br. J. Haematol. 27,241-245. 

Leukocytosis occurs following lithium administration due to enhanced myelopoiesis and to alterations in the marginated pool of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (139, 151). Colony-stimulating factors from bone marrow macrophages are increased in the presence of lithium (152, 153). Maximum effects of lithium on myelopoiesis again were exhibited when conditions were suboptimal, when the numbers of colonies in the control cultures were low. This is of clinical importance because lithium may be used as an agent for limiting leukopenia in cancer chemotherapy (154). 

Bacterial infections are associated with elevated granulocyte counts, often with immature forms (band neutrophils) seen in peripheral blood smears. Mature neutrophils are also referred to as segmented neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The presence of immature forms (left shift) is an indication of an increased bone marrow response to the infection. With infection, peripheral WBC counts may be very high, but they are rarely higher than... 

At the physiological level, various harmful processes have been identified such as hypoplasia of the bone marrow, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia particularly affecting polymorphonuclear leukocytes which promotes immunosupression, sharp decrease in the intestinal iron uptake and malfunctioning of liver and kidneys. These effects have been related to the deadly acute poisoning condition. Animals that ingest sublethal amounts of this fern may develop severe internal hemorrhages. Of... 

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocyte population in the general circulation and comprise two thirds of the circulating leukocytes. PMN arise in the bone marrow (BM) from CD34+ stem cells under the influence of regulatory cytokines [1]. The exact mechanism involved in PMN release from BM is not known however, cytokines are involved in the process since in vivo administration of G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, stem cell factor, IL-1 or lL-8 results in significant mobilization of PMN and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) [1]. Clinically, cytokine treatment is employed in the collection of stem cells for BM transplantation [2], Therefore, cytokines are involved in PMN maturation and the subsequent release into the bloodstream. 

Bainton DF, Ullyot JL, Farquhar MG The development of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes in human bone marrow. J Exp Med 1971 134 907-934. 

EPS induced, 3-4 h after i.v. application of 200 pg/mouse, a high increase in the number of peripheral blood leucocytes preceded by a slight, but reproducible, fall. Both the initial decrease and the following increase in the leucocyte number, were due to changes in the numbers of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as demonstrated by the differential blood count. The absolute number of lymphocytes remained more or less constant. The initial fall in the number of PMN may indicate their adherence to endothelial cells whereas the subsequent appearance of immature PMN indicates migration of cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood... 

In pernicious anemia, the bone marrow is hyperplastic and contains many large young cells which are designated megaloblasts. The peripheral blood shows severe macrocytic anemia, leucopenia with a high percentage of old polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and thrombocytopenia. Erythrocyte destruction is excessive, as manifested by an increase in the level of bilirubin in serum and a rise in urobilin excretion in the urine. An abnormality of tyrosine metabolism is demonstrated by the excretion of certain phenolic compounds in the urine. Hydrochloric acid is absent from the gastric juice. 

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