Bone atrophy

Oil of Lead is especially effective for diseases affecting the bones, atrophy of the body muscular atrophy, as well as problems with the spleen. It has been used for treating acute lead toxicity, anemia, and neuropathy. It is said to increase steadiness, patience, and tolerance. 

The most important medicinal apphcations of Vitamin D preparations target the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia (bone-weakening). Inadequate kidney function (Fig. 7.41), as in dialysis patients, indicates the supplementation of Vitamin D, just as post-menopausal or age-related osteoporosis (bone atrophy) do. Apart from this. Vitamin D and its analogues are as well used for the treatment of proliferative diseases like... 

A 6-mm or larger interference screw may be used for femoral fixation (Fig. 38.1). However, cortical suspensory fixation may also be considered with a small lateral incision added, if the fixation is neither satisfactory nor applicable due to the previous tuimel, thin tunnel wall or bone atrophy. Tibial fixation is achieved with a modified pullout suture technique using DSP (Double Spike Plate Smith-Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) and a screw in the same manner as the primary ART ACLR [10]. 

Bone atrophy and osteopenia, particularly affecting the lower limb, are common in patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders including cerebral palsy, spina bifida and muscular dystrophy (Table 21.1) (Saraph and Linhart 2005). The de-... 

Hyperparathyroidism disturbs calcium metabolism, and leads to hypercalcemia, bone atrophy, and nephrolithiasis. These three symptoms are usually present together, yet one of them may dominate the clinical picture. In recent decades, the incidence of renal disease seems to have increased, and that of bone disease decreased among patients with reported hyperparathyroidism. 

Conflicting results have been obtained in studies on effects of Cd on the skeletal system. Bone atrophy, osteoporosis and osteomalacia have been suggested by a number of Japanese authors. 

Muscle and bone atrophy are well documented in astronauts, and various minor injuries occurring in space have been reported not to heal rmtil landing on Earth. An LED blanket device may be used for the prevention of bone and muscle... 

Acute benzene poisoning results in CNS depression and is characterized by an initial euphoria followed by staggered gait, stupor, coma, and convulsions. Exposure to approximately 4000 ppm benzene results in complete loss of consciousness. Insomnia, agitation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness may persist for weeks after exposure (126). Continued inhalation of benzene to the point of euphoria has caused irreversible encephalopathy with tremulousness, emotional lability, and diffuse cerebral atrophy (125). In deaths arising from acute exposure, respiratory tract infection, hypo- and hyperplasia of sternal bone marrow, congested kidneys, and cerebral edema have been found at autopsy. 

As regards toxicity, pyrazole itself induced hyperplasia of the thyroid, hepatomegaly, atrophy of the testis, anemia and bone marrow depression in rats and mice (72E1198). The 4-methyl derivative is well tolerated and may be more useful than pyrazole for pharmacological and metabolic studies of inhibition of ethanol metabolism. It has been shown (79MI40404) that administration of pyrazole or ethanol to rats had only moderate effects on the liver, but combined treatment resulted in severe hepatotoxic effects with liver necrosis. The fact that pyrazole strongly intensified the toxic effects of ethanol is due to inhibition of the enzymes involved in alcohol oxidation (Section 4.04.4.1.1). 

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, bone tenderness or pain, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, dehydration, muscle weakness and atrophy, stupor, coma, cardiac arrest... 

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of hyperplasia or the occurrence of adenoma. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may result from renal failure because of the associated phosphate retention, resistance to the metabolic actions of PTH, or impaired vitamin D metabolism. The last-mentioned factor is primarily responsible for the development of osteomalacia. Muscle symptoms are much more common in patients with osteomalacia than in primary hyperparathyroidism. Muscle biopsy has revealed disseminated atrophy, sometimes confined to type 2 fibers, but in other cases involving both fiber types. Clinical features of osteomalacic myopathy are proximal limb weakness and associated bone pain the condition responds well to treatment with vitamin D. 

M usculoskeletal Effects. Accidental exposure of a worker to 241 Am resulted in histological signs of fibrosis, bone cell depletion, and bone marrow atrophy. Degenerative changes in bone have also been observed in animals acutely exposed to 241 Am via inhalation and intravenous administration. 

Gy, 5 species Dead rodents had histopathology of lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, liver, lung, and gonads male survivors had atrophied testes 26... 

At this time there are still two rodent naturally occurring osteopetroses without defined gene the one termed ostepetrotic or op/op that is distinct from the mouse op/op, associated with premature thymic atrophy and curable by bone marrow transplantation (Milhaud et al, 1977) and the one produced by mutation of incisor-absent gene also curable by bone marrow transplantation (Marks, 1976). The latter was, however, was recently mapped to chromosome 10q32.1 (VanWesenbeeck et al, 2004), which should help its identification. On... 

There is no information on in utero developmental effects in humans exposed to HCB, but oral exposure of young children has caused small or atrophied hands, short stature, pinched facies, osteoporosis of the carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones, and painless arthritic changes. HCB has been demonstrated to cross the placenta in humans and in rodents. HCB residues have been detected in human milk and adipose tissue and in the blood of the umbilical cord of newborn infants and their mothers. Teratogenic effects were not... 

Other effects were keratinized squamous metaplasia of the trachea (4000ppb) dose-related increases in tracheitis and desquamation of the tracheal epithelium, and bronchitis, desquamation, and regeneration of the bronchial epithelium (100, 400, and 4000 ppb) bone marrow erythropoietic hyperplasia (males, 4000ppb) testicular atrophy (males, 4000 ppb) and degenerative changes in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys. ... 

In livestock, selenium has been found to be the cause of blind staggers and alkali disease. Blind staggers occurs as a result of acute ingestion of seleniferous plants and is characterized by impaired vision, depressed appetite, a tendency to wander in circles, paralysis, and death from respiratory failure. A more chronic syndrome described in horses and livestock is alkali disease, which also is associated with consumption of grains or plants containing selenium. The disease is characterized by lack of vitality, loss of appetite, emaciation, deformed hoofs, loss of hair, erosion of the joints of long bones, anemia, cirrhosis, and cardiac atrophy ... 

Ala. Albright, F., Burnett, C. H., Cope, O., and Parson, W., Acute atrophy of bone (osteoporosis) simulating hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1, 711-716 (1941). 

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