Body fluid loss

Temporary replacement skins have also been studied by using velour fabrics (usually a nylon or Dacron) backed by a polymeric film (silicone or protein) (36). synthetic polypeptides (37). collagen (38). and dextran hydrogels (39). These replacement materials are only for short term use and could be classed as wound dressings. Although they do prevent gross infection and body fluid loss, they do not duplicate any of the other functions of the skin. A true artificial skin does not yet exist. 

Dermal exposures to liquid ammonia or concentrated solutions and/or ammonia gas are frequently occupationally related and produce cutaneous bums, blisters, and lesions of varying degrees of severity. Bums can be severe enough to require skin grafting, and loss of the epidermal layer increases body fluid loss and incidence of infection. While most ammonia exposures are occupational, household products containing ammonia can also cause dermal injury. Several cases of young children (2-3 years old) who bit into ammonia pellets/capsules and sustained oral and esophageal lesions have been reported in the literature. 

Fluid Loss—Body fluid loss in second- and third-degree burns can be serious. With second-degree bums, the blisters that form on the skin often fill with fluid that seeps out of damaged tissue under the blister. With third-degree bums, fluids are lost internally and, as a result, can cause the same complications as a hemorrhage. If these fluids are not replaced the bums can be fatal. 

Additional injury that occurs in bums includes smoke and inhalation injury. Numerous consequences are associated with bum injury. The degree of injury and impact of the bum will be higher for children than for adults with the same percentage of body surface area burned (Fig. 11-1). Since children have more fluid content in the body, fluid loss is more critical. In addition, respiratory airways are smaller in children than in adults, and therefore airway blockage is a higher risk. 

AletabolicFunctions. The chlorides are essential in the homeostatic processes maintaining fluid volume, osmotic pressure, and acid—base equihbria (11). Most chloride is present in body fluids a Htde is in bone salts. Chloride is the principal anion accompanying Na" in the extracellular fluid. Less than 15 wt % of the CF is associated with K" in the intracellular fluid. Chloride passively and freely diffuses between intra- and extracellular fluids through the cell membrane. If chloride diffuses freely, but most CF remains in the extracellular fluid, it follows that there is some restriction on the diffusion of phosphate. As of this writing (ca 1994), the nature of this restriction has not been conclusively estabUshed. There may be a transport device (60), or cell membranes may not be very permeable to phosphate ions minimising the loss of HPO from intracellular fluid (61). 

Diuretics are needed to return to normal the expanded extracellular volume that other antihypertensive agents produce, such as fluid retention and blood volume expansion, via compensatory mechanisms of the body. The loss of efficacy of antihypertensive agents can be restored if a diuretic is used concomitandy. In the treatment of hypertension, high ceiling or loop diuretics, such as furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and bumetanide, are no more efficacious than the thiazide-type of diuretics. In fact, these agents cause more side effects, such as dehydration, metaboHc alkalosis, etc, and therefore, should not be used except in situations where rapid elimination of duid volume is cleady indicated. 

J(S 1 Valve body track Loss of fluid to header Reduce flow redundant train Valve off use other train lL- 0/hr... 

Heat exhaustion The physiological condition resulting from the body suffering heat stress and loss of body fluids. 

Metabolic alkalosis Increased alkalinity of body fluids caused by excessive alkali (usually bicarbonate) intake or excessive acid loss (e.g., from vomiting). 

Body weight is a sensitive marker of fluid loss or retention, and patients should weigh themselves daily and report changes to their healthcare provider so that adjustments can be made in diuretic doses. 

A febrile person should stay in a cool place and not be covered in thick blankets/quilts. The body can be dapped with water to cool it down. It is very important to drink plenty of liquid to replace fluid loss due to evaporation. Physical strain should be avoided during fever and preferably until a few days after the fever has disappeared. 

Heat illness is traditionally divided into heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat exhaustion is the condition in which the casualty collapses from hypo-volaemia due to salt and water depletion. This is probably compounded by physiological cutaneous vasodilatation, which causes shifts in blood volume from the core of the body to the skin. People who are unacclimatised to the environment are more likely to suffer heat exhaustion, especially if there is a lack of access to water. Where a person replenishes fluid losses from sweating with water alone, salt depletion predominates and this can cause insidious symptoms of exhaustion before the final collapse. 

The initial metabolism of heroin involves loss of one acetyl group, forming6-monoacetylmorphine, or 6-MAM. If6-MAM is detected in body fluids and tissues, it can only have come from heroin. When 6-MAM is further metabolized, it loses the second acetyl group and forms morphine. At this point, finding morphine, is not helpful in determining whether the individual had used heroin or morphine, or even codeine, since it also is metabolized to morphine. 

Metabolic acidosis follows, and an increased anion gap results from accumulation of lactate as well as excretion of bicarbonate by the kidney to compensate for respiratory alkalosis. Arterial blood gas testing often reveals this mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis. Body temperature may be elevated owing to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Severe hyperthermia may occur in serious cases. Vomiting and hyperpnea as well as hyperthermia contribute to fluid loss and dehydration. With very severe poisoning, profound metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma. 

Yin deficiency often causes empty-fire. In a severe condition, the fire may ascend and overstimulate the body fluids, essence and blood, resulting in bone steaming, hot flushes, warm palms and soles, insomnia, menorrhagia, polymenorrhea or spermatorrhea. The empty-heat may quickly consume the essence of the body and lead to loss of weight and emaciation. 

The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae produces a protein, cholera toxin (MT 90,000), that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera extensive loss of body water and Na+ through continuous, debilitating diarrhea. If body fluids and Na+ are not replaced, severe dehydration results untreated, the disease is often fatal. When... 

Water is lost from the body of mammals by evaporation across the skin and in the expired air. urine, and feces. The more arid the environment, the mote a mammal must be able to reduce water loss and tolerate longer periods of water dehydration and hypertonicity of its body fluids. 

Biological samples that are useful for clinical diagnosis often contain very complex mixtures of proteins, as up to a few thousand may be present in tissue extract or body fluids, and each of them can have a variety of posttranslation-al modifications (PTMs). Before the analysis of individual proteins, an essential first step in proteomics is carrying out multidimensional separations to fractionate the sample into its individual constituents. Fractionations are needed to obtain high analytic sensitivity, which is done by increasing the relative concentration and purity of the individual components (as discussed in Section 5). To facilitate the use of small sample sizes and to prevent loss of... 

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