Blood toxicology

Complete blood count, serum chemistries, arterial blood gases, and antiepileptic blood levels ° Urine and blood toxicological panel... 

Tarburton JP, Metcalf WK. Kinetics of amyl nitrite-induced hemoglobin oxidation in cord and adult blood. Toxicology 1985 36(1) 15-21. 

A 37-year-old woman was admitted 2 hours after taking 30 tablets of mianserin 10 mg. Her vital signs were normal. Blood toxicology found no other medications. Her blood pressure and pulse rate fell to 70/40 mmHg and 40-50/minute respectively 4 hours later. Electrocardiography was normal, apart from sinus bradycardia. She was given atropine 1 mg, theophylline, and isotonic saline. Her blood pressure and pulse rate were normal by the second day. 

Other Substances. Driving under the influence of alcohol cases are compHcated because people sometimes consume alcohol with other substances (11—13). The most common iUicit substances taken with alcohol are marijuana and cocaine (see Table 1) (14). In combination with alcohol, some dmgs have an additive effect. When a blood or urine alcohol sample is tested for alcohol and the result is well below the legal concentration threshold yet the test results are not consistent with the arresting officers observation that the subject was stuporous, further toxicological tests for the possible presence of dmgs are indicated. 

Physiological Classifications of Contaminants. The physiological classification of air contaminants is difficult, because the type of action of many gases and vapors depends on concentrations (55). For example, a vapor at one concentration may exert its principal effect as an anesthetic but, at a lower concentration, the same vapor may iujure the nervous system, the hematopoietic (blood-forming) system, or some visceral organ (see Toxicology). 

Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) conducted lifetime rodent feeding studies, and both studies found tumors of the spleen at high dosage (100 —300 mg/kg pet day of aniline chloride). CUT found no tumors at the 10—30 mg/kg per day feeding rates. The latter value is equivalent to a human 8-h inhalation level of 17—50 ppm aniline vapor. In a short term (10-d) inhalation toxicity test by Du Pont, a no-effect level of 17 ppm aniline vapor was found for rats. At high levels (47—87 ppm), there were blood-related effects which were largely reversible within a 13-d recovery period (70). 

The absorption, distribution, and accumulation of lead in the human body may be represented by a three-part model (6). The first part consists of red blood cells, which move the lead to the other two parts, soft tissue and bone. The blood cells and soft tissue, represented by the liver and kidney, constitute the mobile part of the lead body burden, which can fluctuate depending on the length of exposure to the pollutant. Lead accumulation over a long period of time occurs in the bones, which store up to 95% of the total body burden. However, the lead in soft tissue represents a potentially greater toxicological hazard and is the more important component of the lead body burden. Lead measured in the urine has been found to be a good index of the amount of mobile lead in the body. The majority of lead is eliminated from the body in the urine and feces, with smaller amounts removed by sweat, hair, and nails. 

In the future, the preventive tole of toxicology will be emphasized. It will be increasingly important to develop early indicators to monitor longterm subtle exposures that predict deleterious effects that are known to have a causal relationship with occupational exposures. In addition to collection of blood and urine samples, also collection of cells from points of... 

Smith, R. P. (1996). Toxic responses of the blood. In Casarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons (C. D. Klaa.ssen, Ed.), pp. 335-354. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Actual toxicological data are shown in Table 36 [110,111]. Former results and some specialized data including results of tests on warm-blooded organisms,... 

You L, Muralidhara S, Dallas CE Comparisons between operant response and 1,1,1-trichloroethane toxicokinetics in mouse blood and brain. Toxicology 93 151—... 

Bowerman, W.M., Best, D.A., and Giesy, J.P. et al. (2003). Associations between regional differences in PCBs and DDE in blood of nestling bald eagles and reprodnctive prodnctiv-ity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 371-376. 

Evers, D.C., Kaplan, J.D., Meyer, M.W et al. (1998). Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 173-183. 

Klasson-Wehler, E., Kuroki, H., and Athanasiadou, M. et al. (1992). Selective retention of hydroxylated PCBs in blood. In Organohalogen Compounds Vol 10 Toxicology, Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Management, Helsinki Finnish Institute of Occupational Health 121-122. 

There are no children In the reference area who had lead toxicity or whose blood lead level exceeded 29 pg/dl (Table XIII). The term "lead toxicity" Is defined here as a child with a blood-lead level > 30 pg/dl and an EP pg/dl. The term "lead toxicity" Is not used In a toxicological sense. 

In Section 24.3, use of electrosorption for effluent purification was mentioned. The same principle of an electrochemically controlled hemosorption (sorptive blood purification) is used in modem toxicology to extract toxins from blood. By appropriate potential control of the carbon sorbent, particular toxins can be removed selectively without traumatizing the blood, that is, without removing essential blood components such as the thrombocytes. 

G. Zweig, The vanishing zero the evolution of pesticide analysis, in Essays in Toxicology, ed. F.R. Blood, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 2 (1970). 

If the test is positive, the urine is examined microscopically for red blood cells. If no red blood cells are found, a tentative diagnosis of myoglobinuria is made, serum chemistries are obtained, and the patient is held to rule out rhabdomyolysis. If the uric acid and creatinine kinase (CK) values are normal, and the patient is asymptomatic, he/she is discharged from the hospital. Routine toxicology tests include urinary PCP, serum alcohol, and hypnotic screen. 

Kl, a 27-year-old woman, was admitted to the cardiology unit from the emergency department after she called 911 claiming that she had severe chest pain. Upon arrival in the ED it was noted that her blood pressure was slightly elevated at 143/92 mm Hg, and that she was diaphoretic. She was in otherwise good physical condition, with no previous cardiac history. After a urine toxicology screen was positive for cocaine she admitted that she had smoked several rocks of crack an hour prior to having the chest pain. She said she almost never uses crack, but she s currently really depressed because she has lost her job. 

Perform urinalysis, urine toxicology, thyroid function, and white blood cell count in the elderly to rule out urinary tract infection... 

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