Ventral abdomen

Signs and Symptoms Causes fever, labored breathing with increased respiratory rate, and depression. There may be paroxysmal coughing. May cause conjunctivitis, subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, brisket, thorax, and ventral abdomen. There may be edema in the supraorbital fossa above the eye. 

The effect of JH III on HMG-R expression in I. paraconfusus, I. pini and D. jeffreyi was investigated by determining both a dose-response and time course by standard northern blotting. JH III, dissolved in acetone, was applied topically onto the ventral abdomens of unfed adult insects, while control insects were treated with an equivalent volume of acetone. Total or poly (A)+ RNA was then isolated from intact tissues pooled from up to ten individuals for the Ips studies (Tittiger et al., 1999 Tillman et al., in preparation). For the D. jeffreyi studies, preliminary work localized JH Ill-induced HMG-R expression to the metathorax/... 

Figure 4.4 Expression of desatl. The P(GawB)NP447 strain was crossed to a P-UAS GFP strain and GFP expression was visualized in the progeny (four-day old flies). Head, ventral abdomen (fat body), fat body and oenocytes, visible on the lateral view of the abdomen, are labeled.

TABLE 35.1. Comparative Stratum Corneum Thickness, Epidermal Thickness, and the Number of Epidermal Cell Layers in the Ventral Abdomen (VAB) and at the Thoracolumbar Junction (TLJ) of Several Species (H E, Paraffin Sections)... 

TABLE 35.2. Comparative Blood Flow Measurements at the Ventral Abdomen and at the Thoracolumbar Junction in Five Species... 

B. equi usually causes subacute or acute disease after an incubation period of 10-21 days. Moderate (10-30%) and transient (3-5 days) parasitemia occur and there is 20-50% mortality. If the disease is peracute, death may occur within 2 days of the onset of infection. In acute cases, the process lasts for 8-10 days, after which the animal recovers and becomes a carrier. The first clinical sign, around 10 days after a tick bite, is typically high fever (up to 41°C/105.8°F) accompanied by anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus and a rapid respiratory rate. Lethargy, depression, anorexia and edema of the head, ventral abdomen and limbs ensue as the disease progresses. Ascites and petechial hemorrhages may be evident. 

Mean+s.e. (n = 6) histologically determined in skin from the ventral abdomen. 

Anesthetize the mouse as in section 2.2. Place the animal ventral (abdomen) side up on the lid of a 9-cm glass or plastic petri dish. 

Of all animals hair samples of four different body areas (throat region, sternal region, lateral abdomen, ventral of the base of the tail) (Fig. 15.1) were taken using an electric hair-clipping device. Additionally, during one breeding season, swabs of the anal gland secretion were collected from 8 male and 7 female fossas. 

The thorax and abdomen are opened ventrally by a transverse incision of the abdomen at the level of the umbilicus and a longitudinal incision from the umbilicus to the base of the neck (Fig. I). 

Males generally appear long and slender and have a yellow hue on their ventral aspect, with a slight pink coloration overall. Females tend to have a plumper abdomen and a silvery blue coloration overall. 

Tissues and cells that produce pheromones. Periplanone-B was identified 24 years ago, but its site of production remains in doubt, and even recent studies have implicated several unrelated tissues. Association of periplanone-B with the digestive tract, coupled with the pervasiveness of coprophagy in cockroaches, can result in tissue contamination when only static analytical methods are employed. A biochemical test of de novo pheromone production in vitro will be necessary for an unambiguous determination of the site of pheromone production. This should be a feasible approach with periplanone, but elucidation of its biosynthetic pathway will profoundly facilitate such studies. Pheromone production in other cockroaches has been localized primarily in the dorsal and ventral tegmina and intersegmental membranes of the abdomen. However, the precise tissue and cells that produce pheromones remain unknown in most species. 

Figure 12.6 Cosmosoma myrodora (male) in ventral view. The flap that covers the abdominal pouches is the area between the white markings at base of abdomen in figure on the left. On the right the filaments within the pouches are being teased out with forceps.

There are variations in the thickness of the epidermis and dermis within species in different regions of the body (Table 35.1). Skin is the thickest over the dorsal and lateral surfaces of limbs, and thinner on the ventral and medial surfaces of limbs. The back (thoracolumbar lumbar junction) is usually thicker than the abdomen. In areas possessing high hair density, the epidermis is thin whereas in glabrous areas such as mucocutaneous junctions, the epidermis is thicker. The palmar and plantar surfaces consist of extremely thick stratum corneum because it is an area where abrasive action occurs. 

The region of tube secretion in serpulids is normally restricted to its anterior edge. If the posterior end of the tube is damaged, it is repaired by a different mechanism. Under these circumstances, special mucus cells in the ventral epithelium of the epidermis of the abdomen produce a calcareous secretion which is applied to the damaged region of the tube and builds up a substantial mineral deposit. 

Lactrodectus mactans (lactrodectism is produced by a bite from the female spider). The female is larger than the male. It is noted for a black color that is shiny, with a rounded abdomen and a red hourglass mark on the ventral surface. The black widow spider produces neurotoxic venom. Alpha latrotoxin is the protein of the neurotoxin. 

The work of Nash (1954) and later Glynne Jones and Chadwick (I960) illustrate lhe principles. Both teams used carbon dioxide to facilitate the handling of the flies. Nash applied her dose to the dorsum of the thorax, while the others treated the ventral surface of the abdomen. The difference in susceptibility of the sexes was noted in both cases. Glynne Jones and Chadwick fully assayed the synergist (5421), which had having noted toxicity, but stated that none of the others showed an appreciable effect at the highest concenirations used. 

Limnoriids are highly mobile. The animal has a head, a segmented thorax and abdomen, with seven pairs of legs positioned ventrally under the thorax. Pleopods positioned under the abdomen function as gills and are used in swimming. The last two posterior segments of the animal - the fifth pleomer... 

Some ventral hernias are not seen at rest and are brought into view with only one of the manoeuvers. When the hernia is seen at rest, an attempt is made to slide the contents into the abdomen to know if the hernia is reducible. Sonography readily differentiates other conditions that mimic ventral hernia such as lipoma, metastasis, suture granuloma, abscess or endometriosis. Umbilical hernia is a type of ventral hernia that occurs through the weak umbilicus. Fatty epigastric hernia is protrusion of the properitoneal fat through a defect in the linea alba. 

Liang RJ, Wang HP, Huang SP, Wu MS, Lin JT (2001) Color Doppler sonography for ventral hernias in patients with acute abdomen preliminary findings. J Clin Ultrasound 29 435-440... 

While shaving the fur off the ventral surface of the abdomen, carefully shave around the nipples so that they are not injured. If the nipples are malfunctioning because of surgical trauma, the neonatal animals cannot suckle. 

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