Ultrasonic monitoring

A simpler application of under-sodium ultrasonics in which these difficulties can be avoided is the identification of components, particularly fuel subassemblies. A final check that the fuel has been loaded in the correct pattern can be made by identifying each subassembly positively as it is loaded. Such a system makes use of a series of marks machined into the top of each subassembly to form a code which identifies its type and, in particular, its enrichment. This code is read by an ultrasonic scanner as the subassembly is loaded, so that the correct assignment to core enrichment zones can be assured. 

Ultrasonic devices can also be used to measure displacements under sodium as a means of checking structural integrity. The distance between two reflectors can be determined to within less than 1 mm by measuring the time of flight of ultrasonic pulses between them and 

J bove-core structure (mounted on rotating shield) 

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Unlike vibration monitoring, ultrasonics monitors the higher frequencies, i.e. ultrasound, produced by unique dynamics in process systems or machines. The normal monitoring range for vibration analysis is from less than 1 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz. Ultrasonics techniques monitor the frequency range between 20,000 and 100 kHz. 

Some of the ultrasonic systems include ultrasonic transmitters that can be placed inside plant piping or vessels. In this mode, ultrasonic monitors can be used to detect areas of sonic penetration along the container s surface. This ultrasonic transmission method is useful in quick checks of tank seams, hatches, seals, caulking, gaskets or building wall joints. 

Apart from echocardiography, another promising clinical application of synthetic microbubbles is the ultrasonic monitoring of local blood flow in the abdomen (analogous to the earlier use of gas microbubbles to monitor myocardial perfusion (ref. 443)). Such refined ultrasonic blood flow measurements, utilizing injected... 

Hibberd, D.J., Holmes, A.K., Garrood, M., Fillery-Travis, A.J., Robins, M.M., Challis, R.E. 1997b. Ultrasonic monitoring of oil in water emulsions during depletion flocculation.. / Coll. Interface Sci. 193, 77-87. 

In addition to reaction chambers and delivery systems, a number of supervising and sensor systems are of utmost importance for control and safety reasons. Sensors in automated workstations include measurement of temperature (thermocouple, thermistor, semiconductor), pressure, liquid flow and gas or liquid level. To monitor the presence or absence of vessels or devices, systems like capacitance, inductivity, ultrasonic monitors, magnetic sensors or optical sensors (reflective, beam interruption, color) can be integrated in automated workstations. 

Ultrasonic monitoring shows thin walls for pipes, internals or vessels faulty ultrasonic instrument/[corrosion] /faulty design. Failure of supports, internals, vessels" [corrosion] /faulty design/unexpected stress or load. 

K.H. Cheng, Off-line and On-line Ultrasonic Monitoring of Calcium Carbonate Filled Polymers, Brunei University, Uxbridge, UK, 1985. [MSc. Dissertation]. 

Lehmann L, Kudryashov E, Buckin V Ultrasonic monitoring of the gelatini-sation of starch 136 Lenti D Chittofrati A Lincoln P Ardhammar M Lindblom G Persson G Lindman B Thuresson K Liu J, Palberg T Crystal growth and crystal morphology of charged colloidal binary mixtures 222 Liu J Wette P... 

The method was based on an ultrasonic monitoring of the growing crack, schematically shown in Fig. 10.9 with a WOL compact specimen. The procedure was used to permit either semi-automatic or completely automatic monitoring of the crack growth behavior and had a sensitivity of about 0.25 mm. Today, direct visual measurements of the crack size have been substituted by indirect readings based on the specimen compliance. This is measured by a clip gauge mounted on... 

Below we describe the use of the ultrasonic monitor to detect creaming in a polydisperse concentrated emulsion, and to characterise flocculation from the creaming behaviour. The effects of added polymers on the flocculation and creaming processes are also described. 

When the concentration of HEC was increased to 0.04% the emulsion creamed apparently as a single entity, with a sharp boundary that was clearly visible. Figure 4.11 shows the data from the ultrasonic monitor. The rapid creaming resulted in a cream layer that formed initially at a volume fraction of only —68%, but with time the cream layer compacted to an even higher concentration than in the polymer-free emulsion. 

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