Blood cytokines

Langezaal, I. et al., Evaluation and prevalidation of an immunotoxicity test based on human whole-blood cytokine release, Altern. LabAnim., 30, 581, 2002. 

PDGFpR activation in treated animals (rat and rabbit) probably corresponds to a substantial reduction of PDGF-BB protein levels in the lesion, which can explain the reduced SMC migration and neointimal formation in treated animals. Our data are in conjunction with reduction in arterial and blood cytokines, IL-lp, TNFa, NFkB, and MMP-2 activity following injury (52). The systemic inactivation results in reduced expression of local inflammatory mediators leading to reduced activation and proliferation of SMC and decreased neointimal formation. 

Svensson A, Moller H, Bjdrkner B. Rheumatoid arthritis, gold therapy, contact allergy and blood cytokines. BMC Dermatology 2002 2 1-5. 

Whole blood cytokine release [56,57] Prevalidated assay for both monocyte and lymphocyte cytokine release, simple to perform on primary human cells in vitro and ex vivo... 

Langezaal I, Coecke S, Hartung T (2001) Whole blood cytokine response as a measure of immunotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 15 313-318... 

Hartung T, Docke WD, Gantner F, Krieger G, Sauer A, Stevens P et al (1995) Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment on ex vivo blood cytokine response in human volunteers. Blood 85 2482-2489... 

Matthys P, Dillen C, Proost P, Eleremans El, Van DJ, Billiau A. Modification of the anti-CD3-induced cytokine release syndrome by anti-interferon-y or anti-interleukin-6 antibody treatment protective effects and biphasic changes in blood cytokine levels. Eur J Immunol 1993 23(9) 2209-2216. 

Kragsbjerg P, Jones I, Vikerfors T, Holmberg H. Diagnostic value of blood cytokine concentrations in acute pneumonia. Thorax 1995 50 1253-1257. 

Once a small set (<10) of potent candidate siRNAs have been identified, the molecules are screened for potential acute pro-inflammatory effects in an in vitro human whole blood cytokine assay and in vivo in the outbred CD-I mouse. 

For additional evaluation of the effect of hydrophobization and the molecular weight of the polymers on the biological immuno-stimulating activity, we investigated the ex vivo cytokine (interIeukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor [TNFj-inducing activity from human peripheral whole blood cells of hydrophobized polymers by use of fractionated poly(M A-CDA) with narrow poly-dispersity. Since this assay uses the intact human cells, it shows more accurate results than in vitro assay using cultured cell line [25]. 

From these facts, we concluded that the cytokines from peripheral whole blood cells were induced by the action of the synthetic polycarboxylic polymer itself. Hydrophobization may contribute to the higher affinity... 

Leptin is a cytokine produced and secreted by adipose tissue in proportion to the body fat content [3]. Mice and humans lacking leptin or its receptor develop a severe hyperphagia and a dramatic degree of obesity which is considerably more pronounced than that of the NDRKO mouse. Thus, leptin is the key adiposity signal in rodents and humans. Leptin secretion appears to reflect the metabolic status of the adipocyte rather than the sheer size of triglyceride deposits, and leptin levels may transiently be dissociated from total body fat. Nonetheless, over the course of a day with unrestricted food supply, plasma leptin levels reliably reflect the amount of total body fat. Local administration of leptin into the brain results in reduced food intake. The vast majority of patients with obesity have elevated serum levels of leptin. Thus, it is believed that the polygenic obesity is due to leptin resistance rather than to inadequate leptin secretion, or to a reduced blood/brain transport of the cytokine. 

Cellular cytokines (interferons, G-CSF) and immune response modifiers originally produced from human cells, most often leukocytes, have now been replaced with recombinant products with well-defined structure/function. Futuristic advances in experimental hematology portend development of human blood cells produced from the hemopoetic stem cells. Yet for the foreseeable future, homologous blood donated by healthy, altruistic voluntary blood donors remains the principal source of safe and adequate supply of blood and blood products for transfusion therapy. 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that play a crucial role in an immune response.They can be T lymphocytes, which can directly target and destroy defective cells, or B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies directed against specific antigens. Both T and B lymphocytes produce a variety of cytokines to augment and amplify the immune response. 

Decreases the production of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the blood by causing atrophy of the thymus gland blocks the release of cytokines, resulting in a decreased performance of T and B monocytes in the immune response. (This action, coupled with the anti-inflammatory action, makes the corticosteroids useful in delaying organ rejection in patients with transplants.)... 

Cytokines (e.g., interferons Blood and blood components (e.g., albumin. 

Tiwari N. Wang CC. Brochetta C, Ke G. Vita F. Qi Z. Rivera J. Soranzo MR, Zabucchi G, Hong W, Blank U VAMP-8 segregates mast cell-preformed mediator exocytosis from cytokine trafficking pathways. Blood 2008 11 3665-3674. 

Cytokines. Nonspecific water-soluble glycoproteins with a short half-life produced and secreted abruptly by white blood cells in response to an external stimulus, and which act as chemical messengers between cells. 

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