Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Wijnholds J, deLange EC, Scheffer GL, van den Berg DJ, Mol CA, van d, V et al. Multidrug resistance protein 1 protects the choroid plexus epithelium and contributes to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Clin Invest 2000 105(3)779-285. 

Fig. 15.1 D iagram showing a longitudinal cross-section of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus. This barrier is formed by epithelial or choroid cells held together at their apices by tight junctions. The...

Two major barrier systems separate the central nervous system from the circulation the BBB and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B). These barriers have distinct morphological and physiological characteristics, according to their different tasks. Figure 2.1 highlights the salient features of both barrier systems. 

R8. Rieckmann, R, Niinke, K., and Burchhardt, M., etal. Soluble intracelullar adhesion molecule-1 in cerebrospinal fluid. An indicator for the imflammatory impairment of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J. Neuroimmunol. 47, 133-140 (1993). 

Schinkel AH. The roles of P-glycoprotein and MRPl in the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001 500 365-372. 

In addition, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus facing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitute the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The BCSFB is also a significant area for exchange between the blood and the CSF. In rats the total calculated surface area of the choroid plexus is about 33% of that of the BBB [2]. In humans, based on the relative mass of the choroid plexus in comparison with the brain, the relative surface area of the choroid plexus may be in the region of 10% of that of the BBB. The CSF is secreted across the choroid plexus epithelial cells into the brain ventricular system [3] the remainder of the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and the interstitial fluid (ISF) are secreted at the capillaries of the BBB themselves [4]. The ratio of fluid production from these sites is 40% 60%, respectively [5],... 

Shu C, Shen H, Teuscher NS, Lorenzi PJ, Keep RF, Smith DE. Role of PEPT2 in pep tide/mimetic trafficking at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier studies in rat choroid plexus epithelial cells in primary culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002 301 820-829. 

The permanent positive charge of QTA influences distribution in vivo and prevents passage of blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier [30, 31]. Myolitic QTA are muscarinic receptor antagonists but allow a better therapeutic index as they are insoluble in lipids and thus poorly systemically absorbed (e.g. bioavailability of A-butyl-scopolamine after oral intake <1 % [30]). Therefore, spasmolytic activity in the GIT (by, e.g. cimetropium, butropium or /V-butyl-scopolamine, Fig. 1), respiratory tract (ipratropium, Fig. 1) and overactive bladder (trospium, Fig. 1) appears as the primary local effect whereas systemic side effects are markedly minimized or absent [32-34],... 

Lee YJ, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Do multidrug resistance-associated protein-1 and -2 play any role in the elimination of estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier J Pharm Sci 2004 93 99-107. 

Bilirubin - an apolar, water-insoluble lipophile substance - is potentially toxic. It is bound to serum albumin and transported to the sinusoidal membrane of the liver cell as a bilirubin-albumin complex, (s. fig. 3.1) The binding capacity of albumin is exceeded only at a serum bilirubin concentration of >4—5 mg/dl. In the case of decreased albumin binding (e. g. in acidosis) or oversaturated binding capacity, there is a danger of toxic cell damage due to the diffusion of unbound bilirubin into the cells (in some cases accompanied by kernicterus). Neonates and premature babies are at particular risk because of their immature blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Albumin-bound bilirubin can function as an antioxidant to intercept free radicals and/or O2 radicals. (93) (s. tab. 3.25)... 

Rieckmann P, Nnnke K, Burchhardt M, Albrecht M, Wiltfang J, Ulrich M, Felgenhauer K (1993) Soluble intercellular adhesion molecnle-1 in cerebrospinal fluid An indicator for the inflammatory impairment of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Neuroimmunol 47 133-140. 

Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. 2001. Efflux transport systems for drugs at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Part 1. Drug Discov. Today 6(3) 150-56... 

Livrea P, Trojano M, Simone IL, Zimatore GB, Pisicchio L, Logroscino G, et al. Heterogeneous models for blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability to serum proteins in normal and abnormal... 

Rao NR, Pattabiraman TN. Alphaz-macroglobufin, albumin, and chymotrypsin inhibitory capacity in cerebrospinal fluid as indices of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1986 36 317-21. 

Hosoya K, Tachikawa M (2011) Roles of organic anion/cation transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers involving uremic toxins. Clin Exp Nephrol 15 478 85... 

The brain barrier systems, i.e., the blood—brain and blood—cerebrospinal fluid barriers, ensure that there are adequate supplies of zinc, copper, and iron available for brain function and prevention of neurological diseases. Too much or too little will be detrimental to brain function. Specific transporters present on the BBB will ensure the passage of each of these metals across this barrier. 

Wijnholds, J. (2005) Multidrug resistance-associated proteins and efflux of organic anions at the blood-brain and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in Efflux Transporters and the Blood-Brain Barrier (ed. E.M. Taylor), Nova Science Publishers. Inc., New York. 

Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H, Suzuki H. Kinetic and biochemical analysis of carrier-mediated efflux of drugs through the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers importance in the drug delivery to the brain. J Control Release 1999 62(1-2) 179-186. 

Lassman H, Suchanek G, Ozawa K. Histopathology and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994 36 S42-S46. 

FiCURE 105-2. Schematic representation of a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier capillary, brain tissue capillary, and normal tissue capillary below). 

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome BBB blood-brain barrier BCSFB blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier CBF cerebral blood flow... 

Blood-Brain Barrier and the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier 125... 

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