Blind subject

M12. Migeon, C. J., Tyler, F. H., Mahoney, J. P., Florentin, A. A., Castle, H., Bliss, E. L., and Samuels, L. T. The diurnal variation of plasma levels and urinary excretion on 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in normal subjects, night workers and blind subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 16, 622-633 (1956). 

In blind subjects with free-running rhythms, it has been possible to stabilize, or entrain, the sleep/wake cycle to a 24-hour period by giving melatonin, with resulting improvements in sleep and mood [42], In normal aged subjects [43],and in demented patients with desynchronization of sleep/wake cycle [44] melatonin administration is... 

Humayun MS, Weiland JD, Fuji GY et al (2003) Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vision Research 43 2573-2581. 

Ahuja, A.K., J.D. Dom, A. Caspi, M.J. McMahon, G. Dagnelie, L. daCruz, P. Stanga, M.S. Humayun, R.J. Greenbeig, Argus II study group. Blind subjects implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis are able to improve performance in a spatial-motor task. British Journal of Ophthalmology... 

Classifier structures resulting from the training were verified in a blind test. To evaluate the reliability and performance of the NSC it was subjected to a blind test using unknown data containing spectra measured for various sizes and locations of the disbonds (from 50% to over 100% of the probe size). 

The type of floe requited depends on the separation process which foUows, eg, rotary vacuum filtration requites evenly sized, smaU, strong floes that capture ultrafines to prevent cloth blinding and cloudy filtrates. The floes should not be subject to sedimentation in the vat or breakage by the agitator. 

Quality Control. Reproducible production of perfumes requires careful quality control of all materials used as well as the compounding process itself. The use of analytical tools has iacreased over the years with their availability, but there can be no substitute for organoleptic evaluation. The human nose is far more sensitive than any analytical instmment for certain materials, yet it is also quite limited as a quantitative tool and is subject to fatigue. There are also weU-documented examples of specific anosmias ia iadividuals, ie, iaability to smell certain odor types, which is somewhat analogous to color-blindness. 

In 1981, Chinese Restaurant Asthma was reported following capsule administration of MSG to several asthmatics (37). However, the researchers failed to account for other allergens to which the subjects could have been exposed and did not utilize the scientific practice of a "control" substance which would have helped to determine if glutamate triggered this response. In a double-blind crossover study, chronic asthmatics were challenged with MSG or a placebo. No decrease in pulmonary function was observed (39). 

With the best observing conditions, it is possible for the trained observer to compete with photoelectric colorimeters for detection of small color differences in samples which can be observed simultaneously. However, the human observer cannot ordinarily make accurate color comparisons over a period of time if memory of sample color is involved. This factor and others, such as variability among observers and color blindness, make it important to control or eliminate the subjective factor in color grading. In this respect, objective methods, which make use of instruments such as spectrophotometers or carefully calibrated colorimeters with conditions of observation carefully standardized, provide the most reliable means of obtaining precise color measurements. 

Blind hole In regard to molding products that include holes, it is important to ensure that sufficient material surrounds the holes and melt flows property. A core pin forming blind holes is subjected to the bending forces that exist in the cavity due to the high melt pressures. Calculations can be made for each case by establishing the core pin diameter, its length, and the anticipated pressure conditions in the cavity (3). 

Figure 4. Ten bouts of high intensity cycle exercise, each with a duration of 6 sec and with 30 sec rest periods between bouts were performed on a given day. The entire exercise protocol was performed on four separate days by each subject (n = 8), before and after placebo and creatine supplementation. Mean power output was 882 watts. Upper panels (A1 and B1) demonstrate mean revolutions per min during the 0-4 sec period of each bout and the lower panel (A2 and B2) during 4-6 sec of each bout. The left panels (A1 and A2) show results before (o) and after (x) placebo and the right panels (B1 and B2) before (o) and after (x) creatine supplementation. The study was performed in a double blind manner.

Voderholzer U, Riemann D, Hornyak M, et al A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 251 117-123, 2001... 

Grant JA, Riethuisen JM, Moulaert B, DeVos C A double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover comparison of levocetirizine with ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, mizolastine, and placebo sup- 59 pression of histamine-induced wheal-and-flare response during 24 hours in healthy male subjects. 

In addition to randomization, blinding and placebo controls are safeguards often used to insure that the results obtained are not subject to bias or confounding. Blinding refers to methods used to keep subjects and/or investigators unaware of which treatment a subject is receiving in a clinical... 

Bioassay of alternate molecular forms supports the view that the ORs are capable of resolving isomeric distinctions in neutral (non-biological) odourants. Stereochemical pairs of odours were tested for differential sensitivities in the blind subterranean mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi). The subjects responded to one enantiomer, but not to its stereoisomer. Both sexes were attracted to the odour of R-(-)-carvone but unresponsive to S-(+)-carvone in contrast, males and females were repelled by the odour of (+)-citronellol, but not by (-)-citronellol (Heth et al., 1992). The lack of responsiveness by mole rats could be central due to lack of salience, or peripheral due to hyposmia/anosmia for one isomer. Both carvones have distinct odours for the human nose. 

A pooled analysis of 14 875 adults (Hispanic, n = 361 White, n = 10 108 African American, n = 547 Asian, n = 112) who participated in 104 double-blind, placebo-controlled paroxetine trials for mood and anxiety disorders was performed to ascertain minority group differences (Roy-Byrne et al., 2005). There were significant differences in rates of response by ethnicity (p = 0.014) with the odds of responding being lower for the Asian and Hispanic subjects compared to the African American and White subjects. There was also a higher placebo response rate in Hispanic subjects. Rapidity of response and emergence of adverse effects were similar across groups. 

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