Retinal prosthesis

Humayun MS. Intraocular retinal prosthesis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2001 99 271-300. 

Margalit E, Maia M, Weiland ID, et al. Retinal prosthesis for the blind. Surv Ophthalmol 2002 47 335-356. 

On February 19, 2000, the inaugural symposium of the Alfred Mann Institute-University of Southern California (AMl-USC) titled, Can We Make the Blind See — Prospects for Restoring Vision to the Blind was held. The list of lecturers included Dean Baker Director of the AMI-USC Gerald Loeb, a FES researcher at the AMl-USC Dean Bok, a retinal physiologist from UCLA Retinal prosthesis researchers — Robert Greenberg, Mark Humayun, Joseph Rizzo, John Wyatt, and Alan Chow Cortical prosthesis researchers —Richard Normann and Philip Troyk and Dana Ballard, a visual psychophysicist from the University of Rochester. 

Greenberg, R. J. Analysis of Electrical Stimulation of the Vertebrate Retina—Work Towards a Retinal Prosthesis (thesis) Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1998. 

Weiland J. D., Fink W., Humayun M. S., Wentai L., Wen L., Sivaprakasam M., Yu-Chong T., and Tarbell M. 2008. Systems design of a high resolution retinal prosthesis. lEDM 2008. IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting. Technical Digest l-4, San Francisco, CA. 

Wang R, Huang X, Liu G, Wang W, Dong E, Li Z, et al. Eabrication and characterization of a parylene-based three-dimensional microelectrode array for use in retinal prosthesis. J Micro-electromech Syst 2010 19(2) 367-74. 

Another emphasis has been given to the design of optimal and appropriate adaptive stimulation with respect to the interindividual retinal degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa and the implantation site. An adaptive retinal encoder has been under development [45]. Adaptive visual fields are employed which are adjusted to the function of retinal ganglion cells. The arrangement of electrodes allows sophisticated stimulation procedures. The described retinal prosthesis is considered to be one of the most challenging adaptronic systems of the future. The first patients have been implanted in Europe and the USA... 

Walter, R Kisvarday, Z.F. Gortz, M. Alteheld, N. Rossler, G. Stieglitz, T. Eysel, U.T. Cortical Activation with a Completely Implanted Wireless Retinal Prosthesis. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 46, no. 5... 

Chow, A.Y. and Peachey, N.S. The subretinal microphotodiode array retinal prosthesis. Ophthalmic Res. 30 195-198,1998. 

Second Sight, in retinal prosthesis, 35-3 Seedhom, B.B., 50-20 Seeman, E., 66-8 Segmented, arbitary of vessel, 10-8... 

The microelectrode array is implanted 10-20 ttm from the retinal surface in a viscous fluid, the vitreous humor [5]. The vitreous is a viscoelastic, gel-like substance that fills the ocular cavity [6]. The experimental setup for characterization of the retinal prosthesis components requires a medium that has the same chemical formulation as the vitreous. Since the early 1900s, different materials have been used as vitreous replacements. These substitutes serve two main purposes. First, they are used to replace a dysfunctional vitreous humor in cases where clouding or physical collapse and liquefaction of the vitreous have occurred. The second is temporary or permanent application during retinal surgery. Since arrays are intended... 

Humayun MS, Weiland JD, Fuji GY et al (2003) Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vision Research 43 2573-2581. 

Humayun MS, Scribner D, Justus B (2001) Intraocular retinal prosthesis test device. Proc. 23rd annual EMBS intematiotral conference, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 3430-3435. 

Weiland JD, Liu WT, Humayun MS (2005) Retinal prosthesis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng... 

Zrenner E (2002) Will retinal implants restore vision Science 295(5557) 1022—1025 Maynard EM (2001) Visual prostheses. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 3 145-168 Greenberg RJ (2000) Visual prostheses A Review. Neuromodulation 3(3) 161-165 Weiland JD, Humayun MS (2008) Visual prosthesis. Proc IEEE 96 1076-1084 Margaht E, Maia M, Weiland JD et al (2002) Retinal prosthesis for the blind. Surv Ophthalmol 47 335-356... 

Rizzo J, Wyatt J, Humayun M et al (2001) Retinal prosthesis An encouraging first decade with major challenges ahead. Ophthalmology 108(1) 13-14... 

These days, stimulus devices are being used in various biomedical applications such as cochlear implant, deep-brain stimulation, muscle stimulation, and retinal prosthesis. These devices are connected between two electrodes and deliver stimulation pulses to induce a contraction in muscle tissues or action potentials in neurons. 

Liu W, Humayun MS (2004) Retinal prosthesis Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE Int ISSCC, Vol. 1, pp. 218-219,15-19 Feb. 2004. 

Theogaraja L Wyatt J, Rizzo J, Drohan B, Markova M, Kelly S, Swider G, Raj M, Shire D, Gingerich M, Lowenstein J, Yomtov B (2006) Minimally invasive retinal prosthesis. IEEE ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 54-55, Feb. 2006. 

Ghovanloo M, Najafl K (2004) A wideband frequency-shift keying wireless link for inductively powered biomedical implants. IEEE Trans Circ Syst 51 2374—2383, Dec. 2004. Weiland JD, et al. (2005) Progress towards a high-resolution retinal prosthesis. Proc. IEEE 27th EMBC Conference, pp. 7373-7375, Sep. 2005. 

Wang G (2006) Wireless power and data telemetry for retinal prosthesis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz, EE Dept., CA, USA, Mar. 2006. 

Yanai D, Weiland JD, Mahadevappa M, Greenberg RJ, Fine I, Humayun MS (2007) Visutil performance using a retinal prosthesis in three subjects with retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol, 143(5) 820-827, May 2007. Epub 2007 Mar 23. 

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